| 单词 | 那些 |
| 释义 | 〔Calhoun〕Vice President of the United States (1825-1832) under John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. In his political philosophy he maintained that the states had the right to nullify federal legislation that they deemed unconstitutional.卡尔霍恩，约翰·德威尔：(1782-1850) 在约翰·昆西·亚当斯和安德鲁·杰克逊手下任职的美国副总统（1825到1832年）。在他的政治原则中，他主张国家有权废止那些被认定违宪的联邦立法〔trivial〕 Petty can refer to what is of minor or secondary significance or size;the term can suggest meanness of spirit: Petty 可以指那些重要性或大小是较小或第二位的东西；这个词也会令人想起精神上的偏狭或小气： 〔fail〕"We must . . . hold . . . those horrors up to the light of justice. Otherwise we would fail our inescapable obligation to the victims of Nazism: to remember"(Anthony Lewis)“记住：我们必须将那些惨事交付法庭审判。否则，对遭受法西斯主义迫害的人，我们将无法尽到应尽的责任”(安东尼·刘易斯)〔poxvirus〕Any of a group of DNA-containing viruses, including those that cause smallpox, cowpox, and other poxlike diseases in vertebrates.痘病毒：一组含脱氧核糖核酸的病毒，包括那些在脊椎动物中引起天花、牛痘以及其他类似疾病的病毒〔Gestapo〕The German internal security police as organized under the Nazi regime, known for its terrorist methods directed against those suspected of treason or questionable loyalty.盖世太保：纳粹政体下的德国国内秘密警察，以其用以对付那些被怀疑为犯下叛国罪或其忠实可疑的人的恐怖方法而闻名〔impostor〕These nouns denote people who pretend to be other than what they are or to have abilities or qualifications that they do not really have. An这些名词都指那些假冒别人的人和假称具有自己并没有的能力或者资格的人。〔immaterial〕The wordimmaterial, meaning "of no importance or relevance,” has made its way in the world in spite of the opposition of no less a figure than Samuel Johnson. Johnson stated that "this sense has crept into the conversation and writings of barbarians; but ought to be utterly rejected.”More than two centuries laterit is difficult for us to recover Johnson's strength of feeling,and this tale might in fact serve as a warning to those who believe that the usages they abominate will not survive and become standard.Although Johnson was a man of immense learning,he did not have the lexicographical resources available today.If Johnson had had access to theOxford Latin Dictionary and the Middle English Dictionary, among other works, he would have seen that frommāter, meaning "a mother,” "a plant as the source of things such as cuttings or fruit,” and "a source,”was derived the wordmāteria, meaning "wood as a building material,” "any substance of which a physical object is made,” "the subject matter of a speech or book,” and "the condition whereby an action is effected.”The adjectivemāteriālis derived from māteria only meant "of or concerned with subject matter" in Classical Latin, but its descendant in Late and Medieval Latin and its descendants in Old French (materiel ) and Middle English ( material ) developed other meanings, such as "consisting of matter.”One Middle English sense, "important, relevant,”that probably harks back to senses of Classical Latinmāteria such as "subject matter" continued in existence after Middle English times. So it was natural for the English wordimmaterial, first recorded in the 15th century, to come to mean "not important,” in spite of Johnson's wrath.尽管不只塞缪尔·约翰逊一个人反对意思为“不重要的，无关紧要的”，immaterial 这个词还是产生了。 约翰逊声明：“这个意思偷偷出现在野蛮民族的对话和写作中；但应该遭到完全抵制。”两个多世纪之后，我们很难重新找到约翰逊强烈的感受。这个故事实际上可以算是对那些认为他们厌恶的用法不可能生存和标准化的人的一种警告。尽管约翰逊是一个博学的人，但是他没有今天可以得到的词汇学的资料。如果约翰逊除了其他著作外能得到牛津拉丁语词典 和 中古英语词典 的话， 他就能从中认识到这一点：mater ， 意思为“母亲”，“作为诸如剪下的东西或水果来源的一株植物”和“来源”，是由materia ， 意思为“建筑用的木材”，“用于制造物体的任何材料”，“讲话或著作的主题”和“影响一个行动的条件”而衍变而来的。形容词materalis 是由在古典拉丁语中仅仅意味着“和主题有关的” materia 衍变而来的， 但它在中古拉丁语和后期拉丁语中的衍生词和古法语中的衍生词(materiel )以及中古英语中的衍生词( material )继续发展有了其他的意思， 如“由物质组成的”。中古英语的一个意思“重要的、有关的”，很可能追溯到古典拉丁语materia 的意思如“主题”在中古英语时期之后继续存在。 因此，最早在15世纪被记录下来的英语单词immaterial 至今仍有“不重要的”的意思是很自然的， 尽管约翰逊对此很愤怒〔perish〕"Must then a Christ perish in torment in every age to save those who have no imagination?”(George Bernard Shaw)“那基督必须每年为拯救那些缺乏想象力的人们而受一次死亡的折磨吗?”(乔治·萧伯纳)〔bilingual〕Using two languages in some proportion in order to facilitate learning by students who have a native proficiency in one language and are acquiring proficiency in the other:用两种语言的：恰当地使用两种语言的，以便促进那些掌握母语而正在学习另一种语言的学生的学习：〔stage〕"tourists from London who had staged through Warsaw"(Frederick Forsyth)“那些来自伦敦的游客在华沙休息了一程”(弗雷德里克·福赛思)〔secessionism〕The policy of those maintaining the right of secession.分离论：那些鼓吹分离权利者的政策〔riff〕"Those little riffs that had seemed to have such sparkle over drinks by the . . . pool look all too embarrassing in cold print"(John Richardson)“同毫无生气的印刷品中看起来极为窘迫的记者团相比，…那些短小的即兴谈话则好象浮在酒面的泡沫”(约翰·理查森)〔malign〕"One who belongs to the most vilified and persecuted minority in history is not likely to be insensible to the freedoms guaranteed by our Constitution" (Felix Frankfurter).Toasperse is to spread unfavorable charges or insinuations against: “那些历史上处于强烈被诋毁和被压迫的少数民族对我们宪章所保证的自由不可能无动于衷” （费里克斯·弗兰福特）。Asperse 是散布对某人不利的攻击或散布影射某人的话： 〔sick〕Constituting an unhealthy environment for those working or residing within:环境差的：构成了一种对那些在其间工作或居住的人来说不健康的环境：〔mischief〕The broken window was the mischief of vandals.被打碎的窗户是那些故意破坏公物人造成的〔hug〕He still hugs his outmoded beliefs.他还死守着他那些过了时的信条〔rival〕Local hardware stores can't compete with discount outlets.地方五金商店不能与那些削价商行相竞争。〔criticize〕"The wrongs which we seek to condemn and punish have been so calculated, so malignant and so devastating that civilization cannot tolerate their being ignored because it cannot survive their being repeated" (Robert H. Jackson). “我们试图谴责和惩罚的那些不公正的事是如此地故意、有害和有破坏性，以致于人类文明无法容忍它们被忽略不计，因为它无法在它们重复发生后得以幸存” （罗伯特·H·杰克逊）。〔leotard〕A snugly fitting, stretchable one-piece garment with or without sleeves that covers the torso, worn especially by dancers, gymnasts, acrobats, and those engaging in exercise workouts.紧身连衣裤：一种覆盖人体躯干的带袖或无袖的服装，其特点为紧贴合身、伸缩性的衣裤相连，尤指舞蹈演员、体操运动员、杂技演员以及那些从事体育锻炼者穿的那种〔brainiac〕"These companies are not hot Silicon Valley startups swarming with Gen-X brainiacs"(Ronald Henkoff)“这些公司不是那些充斥着X世代精英们的硅谷热门创业公司”(罗讷德·亨柯夫)〔therewithal〕With all that, this, or it; besides.因此：因为所有这些、那些或它；而且〔hightail〕[From those animals that raise their tails when fleeing.] [来自于那些逃跑时尾巴翘起的动物] 〔psychopathy〕Mental disorder, especially when manifested by antisocial behavior.精神变态：精神病，尤指那些有反社会行为的〔heaven〕Often Heaven The abode of God, the angels, and the souls of those who are granted salvation. 常作 Heaven 天国，天堂：上帝，天使及那些得到拯救的灵魂的居所〔usual〕 Usual describes what accords with normal, common, or ordinary practice or procedure: Usual 是修饰那些与平常的、普通的或一般习惯或程序相一致的人、事或物： 〔piety〕"the liberated pieties of people who believe that social attitudes have kept pace with women's aspirations"(Erica Abeel)“那些认为社会态度与妇女的希望保持一致的人们较为自由的声明”(埃丽卡·阿比尔)〔nob〕"The nobs were forever snubbing the snobs"(Conor Cruise O'Brien)“上流阶层永远冷落那些谄上欺下文人”(康纳·克鲁斯·奥布赖恩)〔boycott〕Charles C. Boycott seems to have been forced by his strong sense of duty into becoming a household word.Boycott was the estate agent of the Earl of Erne in County Mayo, Ireland.The earl was one of the absentee landowners who as a group held most of the land in Ireland.Boycott was chosen in the fall of 1880 to be the test case for a new policy advocated by Charles Parnell, an Irish politician who wanted land reform.Any landlord who would not charge lower rents or any tenant who took over the farm of an evicted tenant would be given the complete cold shoulder by Parnell's supporters.Boycott, a former British soldier, refused to charge lower rents and ejected his tenants.At this point members of Parnell's Irish Land League stepped in,and Boycott and his family found themselves isolated—without servants, farmhands, service in stores, or mail delivery.Boycott's name was quickly adopted as the term for this treatment,not just in English but in other languages such as French, Dutch, German, and Russian.查理斯·C·博伊考特看来是因为其强烈的责任感而成为一个家喻户晓的词。博伊考特是爱尔兰麦奥县俄内伯爵的房地产经纪人。俄内是占有爱尔兰大部分土地的不在地主集团中的一员。博伊考特于1880年秋季被选为一项新政策的试点，此项政策是由一个企图进行土地改革的爱尔兰政治家──查理斯·帕内尔提出的。那些不愿降低地租的地主或接管被驱逐佃户土地的佃农都被帕内尔的支持者疏远。作为原英军士兵的博伊考特，拒绝收取低地租并且驱逐佃户。此时帕内尔爱尔兰土地联盟成员插手了，博伊考特及其家人发现他们被孤立了──没有仆人，农业工人，得不到商店服务，也没有人送信。博伊考特的名字很快就被用作这种对待方法的专有名词，不仅用于在英语中，而且也用于如法语、荷兰语、德语和俄语的其他语言中〔thusly〕Thusly was introduced in the 19th century as an alternative for thus in sentences such asHold it thus or He put it thus. The increasingly literary character of such uses ofthus may have facilitated coinage of the new adverbthusly, particularly by poorly educated speakers who were straining for a stylish effect.Early citations for the word indicate clear association with rustic or illiterate speech,and though the word has subsequently gained some currency in educated usage,it is still widely regarded as incorrect.In an earlier surveythe use of the word was judged unacceptable by a large majority of the Usage Panel.In formal writingthus can still be used as in the examples above; in other styles,expressions such asthis way and like this are more natural. Thusly 在19世纪时被作为 thus 的替代语使用， 如用在 Hold it thus 或 He put it thus 等句中。 thus 这些用法日益具有书面语的特点， 这可能促成了一个新的副词thusly 的产生， 这对那些受教育程度不高但又尽量追求文采的人尤其有用。这个词的早期引用清楚地表明了它与乡村或文盲语言的联系，尽管后来它在受教育的人中得以一定传播，但仍被普便认为是一种不正确的用法。早期进行的一次调查中，用法委员会小组绝大多数都认为这个词的使用是不能接受的。在正式的文字中，thus 这个词仍然能用于上面所举的例子； 在其它风格的作品中，this way 和 like this 等表达方式更为普遍 〔coyote〕A firefighter who is sent to battle remote, usually very severe forest fires, often for days at a time.救火队员：被派去很远地方的消防队员，通常是那些被派到发生严重的森林大火并一次要工作好几天的消防队员〔reparation〕"The people, whose privileges he has invaded, call aloud for redress" (Jane Porter). “那些其权利受到他的侵犯的人声言要他作出赔偿” （简恩·波特）。 〔mean〕The most effective means for dealing with the drug problem have generally been those suggested by the affected communities. · 对付毒品问题最有效的办法是那些受到毒品问题影响的社区所提供的。 · 〔fact〕Fact has a long history of usage in the sense "allegation of fact,” as in "This tract was distributed to thousands of American teachers, but the facts and the reasoning are wrong" (Albert Shanker).This practice has led inevitably to the introduction of the phrasestrue facts and real facts, as inThe true facts of the case may never be known. These usages may occasion qualms among critics who hold that facts cannot be other than true,but they often serve a useful purpose.Fact 有一个漫长的历史用于表示“宣告事实”， 如在“这个小册子被散发到数以千计的美国教师手中，可这个宣称的事实和推理过程是错误的” （阿尔伯特·尚克）。这个惯例不可避免地导致引进词组true facts 和 real facts ， 如在这个案件的真实可能从未被证实 中。 这些用法在那些认为不可能不是真的事实的批评家中可能引起疑虑，而他们常用于有用的目的〔gather〕families who amassed great fortunes in the days before income tax. See also Synonyms at reap 那些在征集所得税之前聚敛了大量财富的家庭 参见同义词 reap〔limit〕"a pardon, so restricted that none were likely to be forgiven save those who had done no wrong" (John Lothrop Motley). 请原谅，如此地严格限制以致于除了那些从没做过错事的人，没有人可饶恕 （约翰·洛特诺普·莫特列）。 〔impostor〕Quack refers especially to one who practices medicine without being properly qualified: Quack 尤指那些没有取得资格就行医的人： 〔personhood〕The state or condition of being a person, especially having those qualities that confer distinct individuality:做人，人格：成为一个人的状态或情况，尤指那些赋予特殊个性的人：〔explain〕"Ordinary language philosophers tried to explicate the standards of usage underlying the linguistic behavior of those who do not abuse this freedom" (Jerrold J. Katz).Tointerpret is to reveal the underlying meaning of something by the application of special knowledge or insight: “普通语言学家试图解释用法的标准，这种标准潜藏在那些不滥用这种自由的人们的语言行为中” （杰罗尔德J·卡茨）。Interpret 意思是用特殊的知识或洞察力来揭示某事潜在的意思： 〔loss〕I am at a loss to understand those remarks.我不理解那些话〔recoil〕"These are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country" (Thomas Paine).“这正是考验人类灵魂的时候，在这个危急存亡之际，那些喜欢枝草茂盛的士兵和习惯于风和日丽的爱国者们将不再为他们的祖国服务” （托马斯·潘恩）。 |
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