| 单词 | 那时 |
| 释义 | 〔now〕At this point in the series of events; then:在一系列事件的一点；那时：〔Baalbek〕A town of eastern Lebanon northeast of Beirut. It is the site of an ancient Phoenician city probably devoted to the worship of Baal and is now noted for its extensive Roman ruins. Population, 24,000.巴贝克，海利奥波里斯：黎巴嫩东部的一个城镇，位于贝鲁特东北部。它是古代腓尼基城的遗址，那时可能是用于朝拜太阳神的地方，现在因其大量的罗马遗迹而闻名。人口24,000〔reason〕"my salad days,/When I was green in judgment" (Shakespeare). “我那青春年少的时期/那时我的判断力还很稚嫩” （莎士比亚）。 〔strawberry〕Izaak Walton's 1655 comment,"We may say of Angling as Dr. Boteler said of Strawberries; Doubtless God could have made a better berry, but doubtless God never did,”is perhaps the nicest use of the wordstrawberry in its history. This history goes back much further in English to the Old English period when the word is first recorded.We know thatstrawberry was formed during that period from the Old English ancestors of our words straw and berry. What is not known is why the wordstraw is the first part of this compound. One possibility is that the small, one-seeded fruits on the surface of a strawberry resemble fragments of straw.尹扎卡·沃尔顿在1655年的评论道，“我们可以谈论钓鱼就如同包特勒医生谈论草莓；无疑地，上帝可以创造一种更好的浆果，但毫无疑问他从来没有做”，这一评论可能是strawberry 这个词在其历史上最好的用法。 在英语中，这个词的最早记录历史可更远地追溯到古英语时期。我们知道，strawberry 这个词在那时来自于我们的词语 straw 和 berry 的古英语祖先。 为什么这个复合词的前半部分为straw 无从得知。 一种可能是草莓表面小的单个种子状的果实象稻草的碎片〔could〕I could run faster then. It could be no better at that time. Only men could go to the club in those days.那时我能跑得更快。那时好得不能再好了。在当时，只有男人可以去俱乐部〔erudite〕One might like to beerudite but hesitate to berude. This preference is supported by the etymological relationship betweenerudite and rude. Erudite comes from the Latin adjectiveērudītus, "well-instructed, learned,” from the past participle of the verbērudīre, "to educate, train.” The verb is in turn formed from the prefixex-, "out, out of,” and the adjective rudis, "untaught, untrained,” the source of our word rude. The English worderudite is first recorded in a work possibly written before 1425 with the senses "instructed, learned.”Erudite meaning "learned" is supposed to have become rare except in sarcastic use, at least during the latter part of the 19th century, but the word now seems to have been restored to favor.一个人想成为erudite （博学的）， 但却犹豫会成为rude （粗鲁的）。 这个优先选择可以由erudite 和 rede这两个词在语源学上的关系得出。 Erudite 源于拉丁语的形容词eruditus ，指“受过良好教育的、博学的，” 来源于动词erudire 的过去分词，指“教育、训练”。 这个动词反过来由前缀ex- ，（表示“出、离开”）和形容词 rudis 意为“没受教育的，没受训练的”组成，它又是现代词 rude 的来源。 英语单词erudite 最早记录于大约写在1425年以前的一本著作中， 那时意思是“受教育的、博学的”。至少在19世纪后半期，Erudite 意思为“博学的”，除了讽刺的用法外已经很少被人所用， 但是现在这个单词好象又逐渐被人们使用起来〔dirge〕The history of the worddirge illustrates how a word with neutral connotations, such asdirect, can become emotionally charged because of a specialized use. The Latin worddīrige is a form of the verb dīrigere, "to direct, guide,” that is used in uttering commands.In the Office for the Deaddīrige is the first word in the antiphon for the first nocturn of matins. The complete opening words of this antiphon are"Dirige, Domine, Deus meus, in conspectu tuo viam meam,” "Direct, O Lord, my God, my way in thy sight.” The part of the Office for the Dead that begins with this antiphon was namedDīrige in Ecclesiastical Latin, a use ofdirige as an English word that is first recorded in a work possibly written before 1200. Dirige was then extendedto refer to the chanting or reading of the Office for the Deadas part of a funeral or memorial service.In Middle Englishthe word was shortened todirge, although it was pronounced as two syllables.After the Middle Agesthe word took on its more general senses of "a funeral hymn or lament" and "a mournful poem or musical composition"and developed its one-syllable pronunciation.dirge 一词的历史表明一个中性词， 如direct 如何因特殊用法而带上了感情色彩。 拉丁词dirige 是动词 dirigere, “指示，指导”的一种形式， 用于发布命令。在为死者每日七次的祈祷中，dirige 是为第一次宵祷而启应轮流吟唱颂歌的首词。 这个颂歌完整开始语是"Dirige, Domine, Deus meus, in conspectu tuo viam meam,” “指引吧，我的主，我的上帝，您可看到我的行为” 。 以这首颂歌开始的为死者的祈祷部分过去用教会拉丁文被命名为Dirige , dirige 作为英语单词的一种用法， 此词可能第一次被记录在1200年前的作品中。 Dirge 是那时词义的延伸，用来指为死者的祈祷时的唱歌或读经，作为葬礼或纪念的一部分。在中古英语中，该词缩写为dirge ， 尽管它作为两个音节发音。中世纪后，该词有了更广的意义，指“哀乐，挽歌”和“悼念性的诗或其他音乐作品”，并且发展了它的单音节发音〔Paris〕The capital and largest city of France, in the north-central part of the country on the Seine River. Founded as a fishing village on the Île de la Cité, Paris (then called Lutetia) was captured and fortified by the Romans in 52b.c. Clovis I made it the capital of his kingdom after a.d. 486, and Hugh Capet established it as the capital of France after his accession to the throne in 987. Through the succeeding centuries, Paris grew rapidly as a commercial, cultural, and industrial center. The city was occupied by the Germans in World War II from June 14, 1940, to August 25, 1944. Population, 2,149,900. 巴黎：法国首都和最大城市，位于该国中北部的塞纳河上，作为一个钓鱼村庄建于斯德岛，巴黎（那时叫作鲁提提亚）被罗马人于公元前 52年侵占并加强城防，克维一世于 公元 486年把它订为自己王国的首都，休·卡佩于987年继王位后把它修建为法兰西的首都，在接下来的几个世纪里，作为商业、文化和工业中心，巴黎发展得很迅猛，二战中，该城在1940年6月14日到1944年8月25日期间被德国占领。人口2,149,900 〔infant〕Anyone who has ever responded to the cries of a howling infantmay find it difficult to believe the etymology of the wordinfant. The source of our word is the Latin wordīnfāns (stem form, or form to which inflections are added, īnfant- ), meaning "a little child; strictly, one who does not yet speak.”The noun is from the adjectiveīnfāns, meaning "not having the power of speech" and "newly born"and made up of the negative prefixin- and the present participle fāns, "speaking,” of the verbfārī, "to speak.” Latinīnfāns and its Old French descendant enfant could both be used to refer to a speaking child, and the earliest recorded use (around 1384) of their Middle English descendantinfaunte, the ancestor of our word, is in the sense "child.”This use gave rise to our legal sense ofinfant, "a minor,” thus reminding us of individuals who can be very talkative indeed.只要是听过婴儿啼哭声的人，就难以相信infant 的词源是这样来的： 这个词的词源是拉丁文infans （派生形式，即加了词尾的变体， infant- )， 意思是“一个小孩子；严格地说，是指还不会说话的幼儿”。名词是由形容词infans 演化而来的， 它的意思是“不会说话的”“新生的”，由反义前缀in 和现在分词 fans “说话的”构成的， 其动词原形为fari 意思是“说话”。 拉丁字infans 及它的古法语派生字 enfant 都可以用来指会说话的幼儿； 它们的派生词、我们这个字的鼻祖是中古英语字infaunte ，其最早的记载约在1384年左右， 那时的意思是“儿童”。这样，我们这个字的法定意义infant “未成年人”就出现了； 这使我们想起那些十分健谈的人〔exchange〕At that time the British pound exchanged for $2.80.那时一英镑可以兑换2.80美元〔hall〕Thehalls of academe and city hall remind us that what we commonly mean by the wordhall, "a passageway, an entrance room,” represents a shrunken version of whathall once commonly designated. Going back to the Indo-European rootkel- 1, "to cover,” the Old English wordheall, ancestor of our hall, referred to "a large place covered by a roof, whether a royal residence, an official building, or a large private residence, or a large room in a residencewhere the public life of the household is carried on.”These senses and related ones are still in use,as is attested bytown hall and halls of academe. Our common use of the termhall for a vestibule or a corridor harks back to medieval times when the hall was the main public room of a residenceand people lived much less privately than now.As private rooms in houses took on the importance they have today,the hall lost its function.Hall also had come to mean any large room, and the vestibule was at one time one of the main sitting rooms in a house,but this sort of room has largely disappeared also,andhall has become the designation for the small vestibule of today as well as for an entrance passage or any passageway.halls of academe 以及 city hall 提醒我们注意： 我们通常把hall 这个词定义为“走廊，门厅”， 反映出hall 这词当初设定时的通常含义的种种痕迹。 追溯到该词的印欧语词根kel- 1， 意思是“去覆盖”， 我们hall 这个词的来源是古英语中 heall 这个词， 它指的是“一个有屋顶覆盖的大地方或者属于皇室住宅、政府建筑或是一座大的私人府第或者是一所住宅中的大房子，主人在其中进行社交活动”。这些概念或与之相关的意思直到今天还有，比如说town hall 和 halls of academe 。 我们现在一般所用的，把hall 当作门厅或走廊的用法可以追溯到中世纪， 那时大厅是居住者的最主要的起居室，人们生活还没有今天这么隐私化，于今日个人房间在生活中占主要地位，大厅失去了它当年的功用。Hall 还曾意味着大房间， 而门厅在过去一段时间内曾是房屋中主要的一处起居室，但这样的房子大部分也都消失了，而hall 的意思已经变成指那些当今小的走廊， 或者是进出口处的走廊，或者是随便哪个走廊〔alack〕“'Las and fearful alack—nobody can make such high claims for the people then living in Maine"(John Gould)“啊呀！真可怕！——那时竟无人能为生活在缅因州的人提出这样高的要求”(约翰·古尔德)〔outlaw〕The wordoutlaw brings to mind cattle rustlers and gunslingers of the Wild West, but it comes to us from a much earlier time,when guns were not yet inventedbut cattle stealing was.Outlaw can be traced back to the Old Norse word ūtlagr, "outlawed, banished,” made up ofūt, "out,” and lög, "law.” Anūtlagi (derived from ūtlagr ) was someone outside the protection of the law. The Scandinavians, who invaded and settled in England during the 8th through the 11th century, gave us the Old English wordūtlaga, which designated someone who because of criminal acts must give up his property to the crown and could be killed without recrimination.The legal status of the outlaw became less severe over the course of the Middle Ages.However, the looser use of the word to designate criminals in general, which arose in Middle English, lives on in tales of the Wild West.单词outlaw 使人联想到美国西部的偷牛贼和持枪歹徒， 然而在此之前很早这词就已存在了，那时枪还没有发明出来，但已有偷牛贼了。Outlaw 可溯源到古斯堪的纳维亚语 utlagr， 意为“非法的，被放逐的”， 由ut 意为“在…外”和 log 意为“法律”组成。 Utlagi （从 utlagr 衍生而来）形容不受法律保护的人。 在8世纪到11世纪间侵略并定居于英格兰的斯堪的纳维亚人创造了古英语词utlaga， 指由于犯罪行为而必须把财产献给皇家并且即使被杀死也不能反诉。在中世纪时期被放逐者的法律地位不如以前那么严格了。然而中世纪英语中兴起的命名罪犯总称的这种宽松用法在美国西部的传说中仍然存在〔bugger〕"He's a silly little bugger, then"(John le Carré)“那时，他是一个傻乎乎的小家伙”(约翰·勒·卡里)〔therein〕In that place, time, or thing.在那儿：在那里，那时或在那件事中〔trek〕Fans ofStar Trek and others may be interested to know that the wordtrek originally had to do with a slow journey by a very different mode of transportation, a wagon drawn by oxen. Trek was borrowed into English in South Africa, where the word was used by speakers of Afrikaans for a journey by ox wagon.The British, who at the turn of the century were to seize control of South Africa from the descendants of the original Dutch settlers,borrowed the wordtrek during the 19th century. Trek is recorded earliest in 1822 in the compound trektow, "a rope joining the wagon pole and the yoke to which oxen were fastened.”Trek in this compound is either the noun or the stem of the corresponding verb in Afrikaans, trekken. The earliest recorded use of the noun by itself is found in 1849,where it means "a stage in a journey by ox wagon.”The word has long since migrated from South African into general English—and into space travel.电影星际旅行 的影迷们和其他人可能很有趣知道： trek 这个词原来与一种非常与众不同的运输方式，即用牛拉马车所进行的一种很慢的旅行有关。 Trek 这个词在南非被借入英语， 在南非讲南非荷兰语的人用来指用牛车所进行的旅行。英国人在19世纪和20世纪之交从荷兰拓居者的后裔那里夺取了对南非的控制权，他们在19世纪借用了trek 这个词。 Trek 的最早记录在1822年出现于复合词 trektow 中， 其意指“连接车辕和系牛车轭的绳子”。Trek 在这个复合词中既作名词又作为其在南非荷兰语的对应动词 trekken 的词干。 这个词最早作为名词使用的记载是在1849年，那时这个词的意思是“一段用牛车进行的旅程”。这个词很早就从南非迁移到了一般的英语中，并且进入了星际旅行之中〔plenty〕"Ships were then not so plenty in those waters as now"(Herman Melville)“那时船上那些水不如现在充足”(赫尔曼·梅尔维尔)〔stove〕A stove to us is something we expect to find in a room,but at one timea stove was a room,specifically, a room for taking a hot-air or steam bath (first recorded in 1456).Around 1545 the word is recorded with reference to another room, such as a bedroom, heated with a furnace.The devices used to heat these rooms came to be calledstoves as well, a use first found sometime between 1550 and 1625.Of course, heating devices that we would callstoves had long been in existence, going back to Roman times.However, the stove as the chief cooking device, taking the place of the fireplace, dates only to around the mid-19th century with the widespread use of wood-burning or coal-burning cooking stoves.对于我们来说，火炉是我们可以在屋内找到的东西，但是有一段时间，这种东西指的是一个房间，尤其是取得热空气或供蒸汽浴的房间（首次记载于1456年）。1545年前后，该词又记载了另一含义，指另一种带有火炉取暖的房间，如卧室。这些屋内用于取暖的器具也被称作stoves， 该用法首次发现于1550年到1625年间。当然，我们称为stoves 的加热器具已经很久以前就存在了， 可以上溯到古罗马时期。但是，该词代替壁炉成为主要的烹饪器具只能追溯到19世纪中期，那时以木材或煤作燃料的烹饪火炉得到大规模地推广使用〔then〕I was still in school then. Come at noon; I'll be ready then.那时我还在上学。中午来，我那时会准备好的〔typhoon〕Perhaps few words better illustrate the polyglot background of English thantyphoon, with its Chinese, Arabic, East Indian, and Greek background. The Greek wordtyphon, both the name of the father of the winds and a common noun meaning "whirlwind, typhoon,” was borrowed into Arabic (as was many a Greek word during the Middle Ages, when Arabic learning both preserved the classical heritage and expanded upon it, passing it on to Europe).Ùūfān, the Arabic version of the Greek word, passed into languages spoken in India,where Arabic-speaking Moslem invaders had settled in the 11th century.Thus the descendant of the Arabic word,passing into English (first recorded in 1588) through an Indian languageand appearing in English in forms such astouffon and tufan, originally referred specifically to a severe storm in India.China, another great empire, gave us yet another word for a storm,in this case the hurricane that occurred in the waters around China.This Chinese word in its Cantonese form,toi fung, was similar to our Arabic borrowing and is first recorded in English guise astuffoon in 1699. The various forms coalesced and finally becametyphoon. 也许很少有单词能像typhoon 一样表明汉语、阿拉伯语、东印度语和希腊语的多国语言背景。 希腊单词typhon 既是风神的姓名又是意为“旋风，台风”的普通名词， 被借入到阿拉伯语（就象在中世纪时许多希腊语单词进入阿拉伯语一样，那时，阿拉伯人的学问保存了古典的风格，同时在把它传向欧洲时又有所扩充）。Tufan ，希腊语的阿拉伯语形式， 传入到了印度人使用的语言，11世纪时讲阿拉伯语的穆斯林入侵者在印度定居下来。这样，阿拉伯语单词的衍生，从印度语言进入英语（最早记载于1588年），并以如touffon 和 tufan 的形式出现于英语中， 最先特指印度的猛烈风暴。中国，另一个大帝国，给了我们风暴的另一个单词，这里指的是在中国附近洋面发生的飓风。汉语单词的广东语形式toi fung 同我们的阿拉伯语借用词相近， 最早以tuffoon 的形式于1699年载入英语。 各种形式合并在一起最后变成了typhoon 〔Quaalude〕The former trademarkQuaalude for the sedative and hypnotic agent methaqualone is an example of how a product name is carefully chosen for a positive public response.Methaqualone was developed in the 1960's by William H. Rorer, Inc.At that time, the company's best-known product was Maalox,a digestive aidthat derived its name from its ingredients,ma gnesium and al uminum hydr ox ides. To enhance the product recognition of their new sedative drug,the company incorporated theaa of Maalox into the name Quaalude. The other elements of the name are presumed to be a contraction of the phrasequiet interlude, a soothing, even poetic description of the drug's effect.过去作为镇静和催眠的药物的商标Quaalude ， 安眠酮，为了取得肯定的公众反应而精心选择产品名称的典型例子。安眠酮是在20世纪60年代由威廉·H·罗乐公司研制出来的。在那时，该公司最著名的产品是Maalox，一种消化酸。它的名字是由镁的前两个字母ma ，铝的前两个字母 a1 ，氢氧化物的中间两个字母 ox 组合而成。 为了提高新安眠药产品的知名度，该公司将Maalox 中的 aa 移植到 Quaalude 。 这个名字的其他元素被假设为这个短语quiet interlude 的缩写，一种抚慰的， 甚至对药效颇具诗意的描绘〔host〕Host was used as a verb in Shakespeare's time, but this usage was long obsoletewhen the verb was reintroduced (or perhaps reinvented) in recent yearsto mean "perform the role of a host.”The usage occurs particularly in contexts relating to institutional gatherings or television and radio shows,where the person performing the role of host has not personally invited the guests to his or her own establishment (thus it would be odd to sayThis evening we are hosting a dinner party at our house for my husband's cousins from New York ). Perhaps because the verb involves a suspect extension of the traditional conception of hospitality,it initially met with critical resistance.In a 1968 surveyonly 18 percent of the Usage Panel accepted the usage in the sentenceThe Cleveland chapter will host this year's convention. Over time, however,the usage has become increasingly well establishedand appears to serve a useful purpose in describing the activities of one who performs the ceremonial or practical role of a host (in arranging a conference or entertainment, welcoming guests, and so forth).In our most recent survey53 percent of the Panelists accepted the usage in the phrasea reception hosted by the Secretary of State. The verb is less well accepted when used to describe the role of a performer who acts as a master of ceremonies for a broadcast or film,where the relation of the word to the notion of "hospitality" is stretched still further.Only 31 percent of the Panel accepted the use of the verb in the sentenceStudents have watched Sex, Drugs and AIDS, a graphic film hosted by actress Rae Dawn Chong. · The verbcohost has likewise become well established in its use to refer to those who collaborate in assuming responsibility for an occasion. Fifty-eight percent of the Usage Panel accepted this use in the sentenceThe Department of Architecture and the Department of History will be cohosting a reception for conference participants. Host 一词在莎士比亚时代用作动词， 但自那时起这一用法很长时间不用了，直到近年来又被重新起用（或者可能重新创造），用来表示“担当主人的角色”。这一用法尤其在学术聚会或电视、电台节目的情况下使用，在这些情况下，身为主人的人并没有以私人身份邀请客人去到他或她自己的家中，（这样的话，如果我们说今天晚上我们将在家中为我丈夫来自纽约的表兄妹‘主办’一个晚餐会 就会觉得有点别扭）。 也许是因为有人认为这一动词用法会扩大传统的“好客”概念，所以一开始它就遭到了批评性抑制。在1968年的一次调查中，用法专题使用小组中18%的成员在如下句子中的用法，即克利夫兰分会将主办本年度的大会。 但是，随着时间的推移，这一用法已逐渐被接受，并在描绘一个担当司仪或具体的主人任务（例如安排会议或娱乐活动，欢迎客人等等）时起到了很好的作用。在我们最近一次的调查中，用法专题使用小组中的53%的成员接受了短语由国务卿出面举办的招待会 中"host"一词的用法。 但当这一动词用法用来描绘作为广播节目或电影节目的主持人的主持工作时，人们就不太接受其用法，因为这样用，这个词与“好客”这一概念的关系就更松了。只有31%的用法专题使用小组成员接受host在句子学生们观摩了 由 演员雷·唐·宗主持解说的纪录片 ‘性、毒品与艾滋病’”中的动词用法。 同样，用来表示分工合作共同举办某一活动的动词cohost 也已被普遍接受。 58%的用法专题使用小组成员接受这一动词在如下句子中的用法：建筑系和历史系将共同为与会者举办一次招待会 〔anodyne〕"At the time, I thought that passage was pretty anodyne"(Conor Cruise O'Brien)“那时，我认为那篇文章相当乏味”(康纳·克鲁斯·奥布赖恩)〔go〕"a collection of memorable pieces about the general craziness that was going down in those days"(James Atlas)“许多发生在那时的狂热而值得怀念的琐忆”(詹姆斯·阿特拉斯)〔nice〕"Ere . . . /The nice Morn on th'Indian steep,/From her cabin'd loop-hole peep" (John Milton)“在那时…/印第安 峭壁娇羞的晨曦/窥视她的小屋” (约翰·米尔顿)〔stupid〕At the time, I was too obtuse to grasp the true implications of her behavior.那时，我是那样迟钝以至于不能领会她的行为的含义。〔since〕From then until now or between then and now:自从…以后：从那时代到现在或那时和现在之间： |
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