| 单词 | 野牛 |
| 释义 | 〔buffalo〕Any of several oxlike Old World mammals of the family Bovidae, such as the water buffalo and Cape buffalo.水牛，野牛：一种似牛的东半球牛科哺乳动物，如水牛和非洲野牛〔buffalo〕The buffalo is so closely associated with the Wild West that it would seem natural to assume that its name comes from a Native American word, as is the case with the wordsmoose and skunk. In fact, however,buffalo can probably be traced back by way of one or more of the Romance languages, such as Portuguese, Spanish, or Italian, through Vulgar Latin and Latin and ultimately to the Greek wordboubalos, meaning "an antelope or a buffalo.” The buffalo referred to by the Greek and Latin words was, of course, not the American one but rather an Old World mammal, such as the water buffalo of southern Asia.Applied to the North American mammal,buffalo is in fact a misnomer, bison being the preferred term. As far as everyday usage is concerned, however,buffalo, first recorded for the American mammal in 1635, is older thanbison, first recorded in 1774. 野牛同西部荒原联系如此紧密以致人们很自然地认为这个名字源于美洲本地语言，就象这两个词moose 和 skunk。 然而，实际上buffalo 一词可以通过一种或更多种日耳曼语言，如葡萄牙语、西班牙语或意大利语溯源。 通过通俗拉丁语和拉丁语最终追溯到希腊词boubalos 意思是“羚羊或野牛”。 希腊语和拉丁语所指的野牛当然不是美洲野牛，而是东半球的一种哺乳动物，如南亚水牛。就北美哺乳动物来说，buffalo 实际上是用词不当， bison 才是合适的词。 然而就日常用法而言，buffalo 于1635年首次被用于记录美国哺乳动物， 比首次记录于1774年的bison 要早些 〔Assiniboin〕A Native American people formerly inhabiting southern Manitoba, now located in Montana, Alberta, and Saskatchewan. The Assiniboin became nomadic buffalo hunters after migrating to the northern Great Plains in the 18th century.阿西尼布旺族：美洲土著居民，以前居住在马尼托巴南部，现在居住在美国蒙大纳州、亚伯达省和萨斯喀彻温省。18世纪移居到太平原北部后，阿西尼波恩人变成狩猎野牛的游牧族〔Arapaho〕A Native American people formerly inhabiting eastern Colorado and southeast Wyoming, with present-day populations in Oklahoma and central Wyoming. Traditional Arapaho life was based on the buffalo-hunting culture of the Great Plains.阿拉巴霍族：早期居住于科罗拉多东部和怀俄明东南部的美洲土著人，现在其人口分布于俄克拉荷马及怀俄明中部。传统的阿拉巴霍生活基于大平原上的猎捕野牛文明〔Comanche〕A Native American people formerly ranging over the southern Great Plains from western Kansas to northern Texas and now located in Oklahoma. The Comanche became nomadic buffalo hunters after migrating south from Wyoming in the 18th century.科曼奇人：美国土著居民，先前居住在大平原南部从堪萨斯西到得克萨斯北部地区，现在居住在俄克拉荷马州。科曼奇人在18世纪从怀俄明州南移时，成为游牧的野牛捕猎者〔oregano〕Spanish orégano [wild marjoram] 西班牙语 orégano [野牛至] 〔virtual〕the virtual extinction of the buffalo.野牛实际上已经绝迹〔bison〕An animal(B. bonasus) of Europe, similar to but somewhat smaller than the bison; a wisent. 欧洲野牛：欧洲一种动物（欧洲野牛 野牛属） ，和野牛相似，但小于野牛；珍野牛 〔buccaneer〕The Errol Flynn-like figure of the buccaneer pillaging the Spanish Main may seem less dashing if we realize that the termbuccaneer corresponds to the word barbecuer. The first recorded use of the French wordboucanier, which was borrowed into English, referred to a person on the islands of Hispaniola and Tortuga who hunted wild oxen and boars and smoked the meat in a barbecue frame known in French as aboucan. This French word came from an Arawakan or Tupinamba word meaning "a rack, sometimes used for roasting or for storing things, or a racklike platform supporting an Indian house.”The original barbecuers seem to have subsequently adapted a more remunerative way of life, piracy,which accounts for the new meaning given to the word.Buccaneer is recorded first in 1661 in its earlier sense in English; the sense we are familiar with is recorded in 1690.如果我们认识到buccaneer 一词与 barbecuer 一词词意相当，那么象艾洛尔·弗里恩这样掠夺西班牙船只的海盗也许看起来不算是勇敢了。 法语词boucanier 借用到英语中最早记录下来的意义， 是指生活在伊斯帕尼奥拉岛和托丢伽岛上的人，他们猎野牛和野猪，在boucan 这种烧烤架上烤肉。 这个法语词来自阿拉瓦克语或图皮南巴语，意为“一种架子，有时用来炙烤或贮藏食物，或指架状平台，用来支撑印第安人的房子”。专事炙烤的土著后来适应了海上掠夺这一更有利可图的生活方式。这就是boucan一词为什么被赋予了新的意义。Buccaneer 的早些时候的意义于1661年最早用英语记录下来， 而我们所熟悉的该词的含义是于1690年记录下来的〔wisent〕The European bison(Bison bonasus) having a smaller and higher head than the North American bison. Also called aurochs 欧洲野牛：一种比北美野牛的头小且高的欧洲野牛（欧洲野牛 野牛属） 也作 aurochs〔gaur〕A large, dark-coated wild ox(Bos gaurus) of hilly areas of southeast Asia. Also called seladang 白肢野牛，印度野牛：一种（野牛或 牛属） 大型、黑体的野牛，生于东南亚洲的山地 也作 seladang〔bufflehead〕Obsolete buffle [buffalo] from French from Late Latin būfalus * see buffalo 废语 buffle [野牛] 源自 法语 源自 后期拉丁语 būfalus * 参见 buffalo〔bison〕A bovine mammal(Bison bison) of western North America, having large forequarters, a shaggy mane, and a massive head with short, curved horns; a buffalo. 美洲野牛：北美洲西部的一种牛类哺乳动物（美洲野牛 野牛属）， 前半身大，有浓粗的鬃毛，上有弯曲的短角的巨大头部；野牛 〔stampede〕The Spanish wordestampida, meaning "explosion, bang, crash, uproar,” seems very fitting to describe a rush of animals, such as buffaloes, horses, or cattle,and was so used first in American Spanish.From this use came our wordstampede (actually from the Spanishestampido, a masculine noun corresponding to the feminine estampida, first recorded in 1828). Thusstampede, now a general English word, is an Americanism, that is, a word or expression that originated in the United States.Later the United States was to see stampedes of miners who rushed westward to find gold.Not surprisingly, an early instance of this word to describe a stampede of human beings is found in theSan Francisco Herald in 1851. 西班牙语estampida 的意思是“爆炸，巨响，击碎，吼叫”， 似乎很适合形容兽群如野牛、马群或牛的惊跑，并且首先被使用于美国西班牙语中。由此就出现了我们的stampede （事实上源于与西班牙语estampida 相对应的 estampido ，于1828年首次被记录下来）。 因此，stampede ，一个目前很普遍的英语词，是一种美国英语， 也就是说来源于美国的一个单词或词组。后来，美国目睹了成千上万向西淘金的人群。1851年在旧金山的先驱 中出现了形容大批人群蜂拥而至的这个字就不足为怪了 〔Fraser〕American sculptor whose works include figures for the U.S. Supreme Court Building and the design for the buffalo nickel (1913).弗雷泽，詹姆斯·厄尔：(1876-1953) 美国雕塑家，其作品包括为美国高级法院大楼设计的造型和1913年为野牛硬币设计的图案〔buffalo〕The North American bison,Bison bison. 北美野牛：野牛 属的北美野牛 〔Crow〕A Native American people formerly inhabiting an area of the northern Great Plains between the Platte and Yellowstone rivers, now located in southeast Montana. The Crow became nomadic buffalo hunters after migrating west from the Missouri River in North Dakota in the 18th century.克劳族：一个原先居住于大平原北部普拉特河和黄石河之间某个地区的印第安民族，现分布在美国蒙大纳州的东南部。克劳族在18世纪由北达科他州的密苏里河向西迁移以后，成为一个猎捕野牛的游牧民族〔urus〕An extinct wild ox(Bos primigenius) of Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia, believed to be the ancestor of domestic cattle. Also called aurochs 原牛：一种已灭绝的野牛（原始牛 牛属） ，产于欧洲、北非和西亚，据传是现代象牛之祖 也作 aurochs |
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