| 单词 | 针对 |
| 释义 | 〔personal〕Done to or for or directed toward a particular person:特为某人的：关于、为了或针对某个特定人的：〔uphill〕an uphill election campaign against a popular incumbent.针对一位受人欢迎的在职者的艰难竞选〔orientation〕Introductory instruction concerning a new situation:介绍：针对新形势的介绍性指导：〔themed〕Some have criticized the network for rejecting two gay-themed commercials.Some have criticized the network for rejecting two gay-themed commercials（有些人已经针对拒绝两个同性恋广告的网络提出批评）。〔shiatsu〕A form of therapeutic massage in which pressure is applied with the thumbs and palms to those areas of the body used in acupuncture. Also called acupressure 指压按摩：一种治疗按摩术，用手指和手掌按压针灸治疗中所针对的身体上那些部位 也作 acupressure〔pogrom〕An organized, often officially encouraged massacre or persecution of a minority group, especially one conducted against Jews.集体迫害：对少数群体有组织的、常是受到官方鼓励的大屠杀或迫害，尤指针对犹太人的集体迫害或屠杀〔Jew〕It is widely recognized that the attributive use of the nounJew, in phrases such as Jew lawyer or Jew ethics, is both offensive and vulgar. In such contextsJewish is the only acceptable possibility. But some people have become so wary of this constructionthat they have overgeneralized the anathema to any use of the noun,a practice that carries risks of its own.In a sentence such asThere are now several Jews on the council, which is unexceptionable, the substitution of a circumlocution likeJewish people or persons of Jewish background may unwittingly suggest an unwarranted and hence suspect delicacy.通常认为名词Jew 用作定语的用法是无礼的和粗俗的，例如 犹太人律师 或 犹太种族 。 在这样的上下文中，Jewish 是唯一可能被接受的。 但一些人对这种构词方式已变得极为小心，以至他们将针对这个名词任何用法上的厌恶过于一般化，这是一种给这个词带来危险的作法。例这句话在现在的内阁里有一些犹太人 就是无懈可击的， 一种迂回的替换说法象犹太人 或 有犹太背景的人 可以无意之中表明这只是一个未证实的事， 因此只是一种微妙的猜测〔RICO〕Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act of 1970.1970年针对敲诈勒索者有影响和腐败组织的法案〔manward〕Of, at, or toward humankind.人类的、在人类或针对人类的〔ambiguous〕"Vague . . . forms of speech . . . have so long passed for mysteries of science" (John Locke). “针对科学奥秘的模糊…语言形式…消失已久” （约翰·洛克）。〔Fry〕British philanthropist who promoted prison reforms, particularly for women inmates.弗赖依，伊丽莎白·格尼：(1780-1845) 英国慈善家。曾提出监狱改革，尤其针对女囚监狱〔FORTRAN〕A high-level programming language for problems that can be expressed algebraically, used mainly in mathematics, science, and engineering.FORTRAN语言，公式转换语言：一种高级程序语言，针对能用代数方式表达的问题，主要用于数学、科学和工程〔Marcos〕Philippine president (1965-1986) who maintained close ties with the United States and exercised dictatorial control over his country. After a fraudulent presidential election against Corazon Aquino (1986) he fled the Philippines with his wife,Imelda (born 1930). 马科斯，费迪南德·爱达林：(1917-1989) 菲律宾总统（1965-1986年），他与美国建立了密切的联系，并对他的国家采取独裁式的统治。在一次针对科拉松·阿基诺的欺骗性选举（1986年）之后，他和他的妻子伊梅尔达 （生于1930年）逃离菲律宾 〔name〕"What is friendship but a name?” (Oliver Goldsmith).Adesignation is a name given principally to classify according to distinguishing characteristics: “除了名字友谊还有什么?” （奥利弗·弋德史密斯）。Designation 原则上是针对不同特点而确定的名字以示区别： 〔touristy〕Attracting or designed to attract tourists, especially in a showy or inauthentic way.吸引观光客的：吸引观光客的或针对观光客喜好的，尤其以卖弄或虚假的方式〔for〕Used to indicate an actual or implied listing or choosing:针对…：用于表示实际的或隐含的列举或选择：〔treacle〕from Greek thēriakē (antidotos) [(antidote against) wild animals] [feminine of] thēriakos [of wild animals] 源自 希腊语 thēriakē (antidotos) [（针对）野生动物（的解毒药）] thēriakos的阴性词 [野生动物的] 〔clampdown〕"Advertisers and broadcasters would raise howls of protest against any strong clampdown"(Wall Street Journal)“广告商和广播商将发出抗议来寻求针对严厉制裁的保护”(华尔街期刊)〔karate〕A Japanese art of self-defense in which sharp blows and kicks are administered to pressure-sensitive points on the body of an opponent.空手道：一种日本的自卫术，其猛烈地拳击或腿踢针对对手身体上对压力敏感的部位〔home〕On or into the point at which something is directed:朝向目标地：正中或进入某物所针对的一点：〔level〕To direct emphatically or forcefully toward someone:严厉指责：直接或强有力地针对某人：〔unprotected〕Engaged in without taking precautions against the risk of pregnancy or infection by sexually transmitted disease.未防范的：未采取针对怀孕或性传播疾病感染风险的预防措施而进行的〔Brahmana〕Any of several ancient Hindu religious prose texts that explain the relationship of the Vedas to the sacrificial ceremonies.梵书：几部古印度宗教散文体文章中任一部，针对祭礼阐释吠陀经义〔injurious〕made injurious statements about his rival.发表针对其对手的诽谤性声明〔on〕Used to indicate the object affected by a figurative action:针对：用于表示一个想象的行动影响到的目标：〔than〕Since the 18th centurygrammarians have insisted thatthan should be regarded as a conjunction in all its uses, so that a sentence such asBill is taller than Tom should be construed as an elliptical version of the sentence Bill is taller than Tom is. According to this view,the case of a pronoun followingthan is determined by whether the pronoun serves as the subject or object of the verb that is "understood.” Thus, the standard rule requiresPat is taller than I (not me ) on the assumption that this sentence is elliptical forPat is taller than I am but allowsThe news surprised Pat more than me, since this sentence is taken as elliptical forThe news surprised Pat more than it surprised me. However,than is quite commonly treated as a preposition when followed by an isolated noun phrase, and as such occurs with a pronoun in the objective case:John is taller than me. Though this usage is still widely regarded as incorrect,it is predominant in speechand has reputable literary precedent.It is also consistent with the fact thatthan is clearly treated as a preposition in the than whom construction, as ina poet than whom (not than who ) no one has a dearer place in the hearts of his countrymen. Still, the writer who risks a sentence such asMary is taller than him in formal writing must be prepared to defend the usage against objections of critics who are unlikely to be dissuaded from their conviction that the usage is incorrect. · Comparatives usingas . . . as can be analyzed in a parallel way to those using than. Traditional grammarians insist thatI am not as tall as he is the only correct form, and though both literary precedent and syntactic arguments can be marshaled in support of the analysis of the secondas as a preposition (which would license I am not as tall as him ), one should treat this use ofas as a conjunction in formal writing. See Usage Note at as 1自18世纪以来，语法学家坚持以为than 在其所有用法中均应被看作连词， 因此，在诸如Bill is taller than Tom 的句子中应解释为句子 Bill is taller than Tom is 的省略说法。 根据这一观点，than 后跟随代词的情况取决于该代词作为所“理解”的动词的主语还是谓语。 这样，标准规则要求Pat is taller than I （而不是 me )， 考虑到这个句子是Pat is taller than I am 的省略， 但允许The news surprised Pat more than me ， 因为这个句子被认当是The news surprised Pat more than it surprised me 的省略。 然而，当than 跟随一个独立名词短语时常被看作是介词， 如代词用于宾语的情况：John is taller than me 。 尽管这种用法仍然被广泛认为是错误的，但它仍在口语中占主要地位，并且有著名的文学先例。它也符合than 在 than whom 结构中显然被认为是介词的事实， 就象在a poet than whom （而不是 than who ) no one has a dearer place in the hearts of his countrymen 。 然而，冒险在正式写作中应用诸如Mary is taller than him 的作者必须准备针对那些不可能被劝服放弃坚信这种用法是错误的批评家们的反对意见而对此种用法进行辩护。 用比较级as…as 可以用与 than 相同的方式进行分析。 传统的语法学家坚持认为I am not as tall as he 是唯一正确的形式， 尽管文学先例和语法规则都能支持第二个as 作为介词（即允许 I am not as tall as him )的分析， 我们仍应该把这个as 作为正式写作中的连词 参见 as1〔engram〕A physical alteration thought to occur in living neural tissue in response to stimuli, posited as an explanation for memory.印象：一种被认为是针对刺激而发生于活动神经中枢的身体上的变化，该概念用以解释记忆〔blatant〕 Certain contexts may admit either word depending on what is meant:a violation of international law might be eitherblatant or flagrant. But writers who refer tothe blatant torturing of animals or the flagrant liberal bias of the media have implied something other than what they presumably intended. In the first case, the writer is probably more troubled by the enormity of the mistreatment of animals than by the failure to conceal it,so thatflagrant would have been the better choice. In the second case, by contrast, the writer probably wants to draw attention to a moral failing in the media's unapologetic refusal to hide its bias,rather than to the iniquity of the bias itself,an implication that would have been conveyed more successfully byblatant. Blatant should not be used to mean simply "obvious,”as inthe blatant danger of such an approach. 某些语境下两个词都可以用，但意思不同：对国际法律的违反既可能是blatant（公然的） 也可能是 flagrant（无耻的）。 但是提到the blatant torturing of animals（肆无忌惮地虐待动物） 或者 the flagrant liberal bias of the media（媒体公然的、不严谨的偏见） 的作者已经暗示了他们本来意图以外的意思。 在第一种情况下，作者可能对大量虐待动物的行为所困扰而不是为隐藏这种行为的失败而困扰，因此flagrant 应该是更好的选择。 相反地，在第二种情况下，作者可能是要着重指出新闻媒介对其偏见一概否认的这种道德上弱点，而不是针对偏见本身的不公正性，这种含义若由blatant来表达的话会更加正确。 Blatant 不应仅仅表示“明显的”，就象在the blatant danger of such an approach（这种方法明显的危险性）中。 〔Mencken〕American editor and critic. A founder and editor (1924-1933) of theAmerican Mercury, he wrote essays of vitriolic social criticism, often directed toward the complacent middle class. 孟肯，亨（利）·路（易斯）：(1880-1956) 美国新闻编辑及评论家。他是《美国信使》 的创始人和编辑(1924-1933年），他所写之辛辣讽刺性的社会评论小品文经常针对自负的中产阶级 〔progress〕Movement, as toward a goal; advance.前进：针对目标的运动；前进〔narrowcast〕To transmit, as by cable, programs confined to the interests of a specific group of viewers, subscribers, or listeners, such as physicians, businesspeople, or teenagers.窄播：通过（如电缆）传送节目，针对特定范围的观众、用户或听众，如医生、商人或青少年〔gravamen〕The part of a charge or an accusation that weighs most substantially against the accused.控诉，申诉：指控或控告的一部分，针对被控方起着极重要的作用〔aim〕To direct (a weapon or remark, for example) toward an intended goal or mark.瞄准，针对：把（武器或评论等）对准预期的目标或记号〔inflammation〕A localized protective reaction of tissue to irritation, injury, or infection, characterized by pain, redness, swelling, and sometimes loss of function.发炎：动物组织针对外界刺激、伤害、感染的一种固定保护性发应，表现为疼痛、发红、肿大，有时丧失功能〔hectic〕In the Usage Panel survey done for the first edition of theAmerican Heritage Dictionary (1969), 92 percent of the Panel approved of the use ofhectic in its most familiar sense, "characterized by feverish activity, confusion, or haste.”The question was put to the Panelbecause in earlier usage that sense was sometimes deprecated as a loose extension of the term's meaning in medicine.Unless one has some medical knowledgeone probably does not know the older medical uses of the term,for example, "relating to an undulating fever, such as those accompanying tuberculosis,”and unless one has some acquaintance with Middle Englishone would not recognize the first recorded instance of the word,etik, in a text written before 1398. The Middle English term comes from the Old French development of the Late Latin wordhecticus, whose form helped reshape our word in the 16th century.Late Latinhecticus in turn comes from Greek hektikos, "formed by habit or forming habit" and "consumptive,” developing the last sense because of the chronic nature of tuberculous fevers.Thus a word that once simply meant "habitual"eventually had an English descendant used to refer to circumstances that would be undesirable if they were habitual.在针对美国经典辞书 （1969年）第一版对用法专题使用小组的调查中， 92%的成员赞成hectic 一词最常用的意思， “以紧张的活动、忙乱或慌忙为特征的”。之所以要向这些成员提这个问题，是因为作为该词医学含义的模糊延伸，这个意义有时不为人们所接受。除非某人有医学方面的知识，否则他就很可能不知道这个词在医学方面的古老用法，比如“和起伏不定的热病有关的，如肺结核的伴随症”。另外，除非某人对中古英语有一度程度的了解，否则他也认不出1398年以前的一个文本中该词的首例etik 。 这个中古英语单词是由古法语经后期拉丁语hecticus 一词的发展而来的， 其形式在16世纪帮助重新形成了这个单词。而后期拉丁语中的这个词hecticus 又是由希腊语中的 hektikos 一词而来，这个词在希腊语中意指“由习惯形成的或形成习惯的”及“患肺痨的，肺痨的”， 之所以得到最后的意思，是出于肺痨病的特性。这样一来，原来只是表示“习惯性的”这个词，传到英语中最后竟变成了指一旦成为习惯则不被人所喜爱的情形〔seakeeping〕The study of the response of a ship or floating object to waves.耐海性：针对船或浮体如何响应波浪运动所做的研究〔react〕To act in response to or under the influence of a stimulus or prompting:反应，作出反应：在某种刺激或提示的影响下或针对这种影响而采取的行动：〔ableism〕Discrimination or prejudice against people with disabilities, especially physical disabilities.健全至上：对能力缺失者的歧视或偏见，尤指针对身体残障人士〔undecided〕Our position on this bill is still undecided.我们针对这一方案的立场还未确定〔logocentrism〕A structuralist method of analysis, especially of literary works, that focuses upon words and language to the exclusion of non-linguistic matters, such as an author's individuality or historical context.文字中心论：尤指针对文学作品的构造主义分析方法，重点放在文字及语言上而不虑及非语言学成分，如作家个性或历史背景 |
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