| 单词 | 长期以来 |
| 释义 | 〔Tacna〕A town of southern Peru north of Arica, Chile. The object of a long-standing dispute between Peru and Chile, it became part of Peru in 1929. Population, 97,173.塔卡纳：秘鲁南部一城镇，位于智利阿利卡以北。该镇长期以来是秘鲁和智利两国间争执的目标，1929年它成为秘鲁的一部分。人口97,173〔Cenis〕A mountain pass, 2,083.5 m (6,831 ft) high, in the Alps on the French-Italian border. It was long important as an invasion route.塞尼峰：意法边界阿尔卑斯山上的一个关口，海拔2,083.5米（6,831英尺）。长期以来一直作为入侵的重要路线〔Saguenay〕A river, about 201 km (125 mi) long, of southern Quebec, Canada, flowing from Lake St. John eastward to the St. Lawrence River. First visited by Jacques Cartier in 1535, it was long an important route for explorers, missionaries, and fur traders.萨格奈河：加拿大魁北克省南部的一条河流，流程约201公里（合125英里），从圣约翰湖向东注入圣劳伦斯河。1535年雅克·卡蒂埃首先到达这条河，长期以来这条河是探险者、传教士和皮毛生意人的重要通道〔Kyoto〕A city of west-central Honshu, Japan, north-northeast of Osaka. Founded in the eighth century, it has long been a cultural, artistic, and religious center. Kyoto was Japan's capital from 794 until 1869, although its political importance declined after the rise of the shoguns (1192). Population, 1,479,125.京都：日本本州中西部一城市，位于大阪东北偏北。建立于8世纪，长期以来一直是日本的文化、艺术和宗教中心。尽管幕府将军崛起以后（1192年），京都在政治上的地位有所削弱，但从794年到1869年京都一直是日本的首都。人口1,479,125〔Ulaanbaatar〕The capital and largest city of Mongolia, in the north-central part of the country. It was founded as a monastery town in 1649 and was long a trading center on various caravan routes between Russia and China. Population, 804,200乌兰巴托：蒙古共和国首都和最大城市，位于蒙古共和国的中北部。1649年该市作为寺庙小镇建立，长期以来是俄罗斯与中国之间各条商道的贸易中心。人口804,200〔Basingstoke〕A municipal borough of south-central England on the North Downs west-southwest of London. Mentioned as a royal manor in the Domesday Book, it was long a market center for silk and woolen textiles. Population, 67,300.贝辛斯托克：英格兰中南部的一自治市镇，位于伦敦西南偏西的北部高地。在英格兰土地勘查记录书中把它作为皇家庄园，长期以来，它成为丝绸和羊毛织品的交易中心。人口67,300〔Beirut〕The capital and largest city of Lebanon, in the western part of the country on the Mediterranean Sea. Founded by the Phoenicians, it was an important Greek and Roman trade center. The city has long been the scene of bitter factional fighting. Population, 509,000.贝鲁特：黎巴嫩首都和最大城市，位于地中海岸该国西部。由腓尼基人建立，曾是希腊与罗马重要的贸易中心。该城长期以来一直是民族争端的地域。人口509,000〔Xining〕A city of central China north-northeast of Chengdu. The capital of Qinghai province, it has long been a commercial center on the caravan route to Xizang (Tibet). Population, 400,000.西宁：中国中部一城市，位于成都的东北偏北方。是青海省的省会，长期以来是通往西藏路线上的商业中心。人口400,000〔Soissons〕A city of northern France northwest of Paris. An ancient Roman town, Soissons was long the scene of conflict, including Clovis I's defeat of the Roman legions (a.d. 486) and heavy bombardment during World Wars I and II. Population, 30,213. 苏瓦松：法国北部的一座城市，位于巴黎西北部，曾是古罗马的一座城镇，长期以来一直是发生冲突的地点，包括克洛维一世击败罗马军团(公元 486年），以及在第一次和第二次世界大战中猛烈的轰炸。人口30,213 〔Hollywood〕A district of Los Angeles, California. Consolidated with Los Angeles in 1910, it has long been a film and entertainment center.好莱坞：美国加利福尼亚州洛杉矶的一个区，于1910年并入洛杉矶，长期以来是电影和娱乐中心〔Srinagar〕A city of northern India on the Jhelum River north of Amritsar. Founded in the sixth centurya.d. , it has long been a noted resort. Population, 594,775. 斯利那加：印度北部一城市，位于阿木里查北部扎勒姆河畔。建于公元前 6世纪，长期以来一直是有名的旅游胜地。人口594,775 〔Dunfermline〕A burgh of east-central Scotland northwest of Edinburgh. It was long a favorite residence of Scottish kings. Andrew Carnegie was born here (1835) and gave the town its library. Population, 53,800.丹佛姆林：苏格兰中东部县区，位于爱丁堡西北方向。该地长期以来都是苏格兰国王们最喜爱的居所。安德鲁·卡内基在此出生（1835年）并为之建立了图书馆。人口53,800〔Osh〕A city of southern Central Asian U.S.S.R. east-southeast of Tashkent. One of the oldest settlements of central Asia, it was long a major silk-producing center. Population, 199,000.奥什：苏联中亚部分南部城市，位于塔什干东南偏东。中亚最古老的定居地之一，长期以来一直是主要产丝中心。人口199,000〔Saaremaa〕An island of northwest European U.S.S.R. in the Baltic Sea at the mouth of the Gulf of Riga. Long strategically important, it has been controlled by the Teutonic Knights and by Denmark, Sweden, Livonia, Estonia, and Russia.萨拉岛：苏联欧洲部分西北部一岛屿，位于波罗的海的里加湾湾口处。长期以来被视为战略要地，曾先后被条顿人骑士团、丹麦、瑞典、爱沙尼亚和俄罗斯控制〔Jidda〕A city of west-central Saudi Arabia on the Red Sea. Ruled by the Turks until 1916, Jidda has long been used as a port by Moslem pilgrims making the journey to Mecca. Population, 1,300,000.吉达：沙特阿拉伯中部偏西城市，位于红海沿岸。1916前一直受土耳其统治，吉达长期以来是穆斯林朝圣者通往麦加城的旅行港口。人口1,300,000〔complected〕Complected has a long history in American folk speech, showing up, for example, in 1806 in the journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition: “[The Indians] are . . . reather lighter complected . . . than the Indians of the Missouri" (Meriwether Lewis).Complected has long been treated as a dialectal term in dictionaries, but it actually should be regarded as informal Standard English,since its wide distribution (including New England, the Midwest, the South, and elsewhere)disqualifies it as a true regionalism.Its use by one western Texas informant quoted inDARE extends its semantic domain beyond skin color to general appearance: "a fat-complected man.” Complected 在美国民间传说中有一段很长的历史， 例如，1806年，在路易斯和克拉克的探险旅行中： “ …相对密苏里印第安人的脸色白皙一些” （玛丽维瑟尔·路易斯）。Complected 这个词长期以来在字典中一直被当作方言看待， 但是它实际上应该算作非正式标准英语，它的使用是如此广泛(包括新英格兰、中西部、南方和其它地区），所以它不是地区性的。据一位得克萨斯州西部的提供消息者在DARE 中所引用的用法已延伸了其语义上的范围，即从专指肤色到指整体形象： “一个肥胖男人” 〔Maastricht〕A city of extreme southeast Netherlands near the Belgian border. Founded on the site of a Roman settlement, it has long been a strategic frontier outpost. Population, 113,277.马斯特里赫特：荷兰东南端一城市，靠近比利时边界。建于一罗马居住地址的旧址，长期以来一直是一个具有战略意义的边防哨所。人口113,277〔Seward〕American politician who as U.S. secretary of state (1861-1869) arranged the purchase of Alaska from Russia (1867), a transaction long known as "Seward's Folly.”苏华德，威廉·亨利：(1801-1872) 美国政治家，作为美国国务卿(1861-1869年）安排了从俄国购买阿拉斯加省 (1867年），该项购买长期以来被称作“苏华德的愚蠢”〔Silesia〕A region of central Europe primarily in southwest Poland and northern Czechoslovakia. Settled by Slavic peoples c.a.d. 500, the region was long contested by various states and principalities. After World War I Silesia was partitioned among Germany, Poland, and Czechoslovakia. Much of the Czechoslovakian section passed to Germany and Poland after the signing of the Munich Pact in 1938. Germany occupied Polish Silesia from 1939 to 1945, and after World War II Poland annexed most of German Silesia. Upper Silesia, in southern Poland, is an important industrialized area. 西里西亚：欧洲中部一地区，主要位于波兰西南部和捷克斯洛伐克北部。公元 500年斯拉夫民族在此定居，长期以来各国和各公国都对该地区进行争夺。第一次世界大战以后，西里西亚被德国、波兰和捷克斯洛伐克分割。1938年慕尼黑条约签订以后，捷克斯洛伐克所占的那部分归入德国和波兰。1939年至1945年德国占领了波兰属西里西亚，第二次世界大战后波兰合并了大部分德属西西里亚。波兰南部的 上西里西亚 是一个重要的工业区 〔Shiraz〕A city of southwest-central Iran south-southeast of Tehran. It has long been an important commercial center noted for its carpets and metalwork. The ruins of ancient Persepolis are nearby. Population, 800,000.设拉子：伊朗中西南部一城市，在德黑兰东南偏南。该城长期以来一直是商业中心，以其出产的地毯和金属制品闻名。古代波斯波利斯城的遗址就在附近。人口800,000〔Southampton〕A borough of south-central England on an inlet of the English Channel opposite the Isle of Wight. Founded on the site of Roman and Saxon settlements, it has long been a major port, especially for passenger ships. Population, 208,800.南安普敦：英格兰中南部地区的一个市镇，临英吉利海峡中的一个海湾，面对怀特岛。建立在罗马人与萨克森人居住地的遗址上，长期以来都是一个重要港口，尤其对客轮而言。人口208,800〔Alcatraz〕A rocky island of western California in San Francisco Bay. It was a military prison from 1859 to 1933 and a federal prison until 1963. It is now a tourist attraction. The island has long been known as "the Rock.”阿尔卡特拉斯岛：美国加利福尼亚州西部的一岩石岛屿，位于旧金山湾。1859至1933年间它是一座军事监狱，1963年以前为联邦监狱。现为一旅游胜地。此岛长期以来被称之为“岩石”〔Aqaba〕An arm of the Red Sea between the Sinai Peninsula and northwest Saudi Arabia. It has long been of strategic importance in the Middle East.阿克巴湾：红海的一个海湾，在西奈半岛及沙特阿拉伯西北部之间。它长期以来在中东具有重要的战略性〔longevity〕had unusual longevity in the company; her longevity as a star.在公司里呆的时间超乎寻常地长；她长期以来一直是明星〔intrigue〕Hibernation has long intrigued biologists.冬眠长期以来一直引起生物学家的兴趣〔canary〕A small finch(Serinus canaria) native to the Canary Islands that is greenish to yellow and has long been bred as a cage bird. 金丝雀：一种小型雀科鸣鸟（卡纳利鸟丝雀 金丝雀属） ，原产于加那利群岛，颜色从浅绿到黄色，长期以来一直被当作一种笼鸟喂养 〔Krefeld〕A city of west-central Germany on the Rhine River north-northwest of Cologne. Chartered in 1373, it has long been important as a textile center. Population, 217,276.克雷费尔德：德国中西部一城市，位于莱茵河河畔、科隆西北偏北。1373年特许设市，长期以来一直是重要的纺织中心。人口217,276〔Malatya〕A city of east-central Turkey in the Taurus Mountains. It was the capital of a Hittite kingdom c. 1100b.c. and was long a strategic frontier outpost. Malatya was annexed by the Ottoman Empire in 1516. Population, 179,074. 马拉提亚：土耳其中东部的一座城市，位于托鲁斯山脉中。它是约在公元前 1100年时赫梯王朝的首府，长期以来一直是一个边境战略要塞。1516年马拉提亚被奥斯曼帝国吞并。人口179,074 〔krewe〕In order to organize and stage the enormous Mardi Gras carnival every year,many New Orleans families have belonged for generations tokrewes, groups that create elaborate costumes and floats for the many Mardi Gras parades in the two weeks leading up to "Fat Tuesday.”Not only do the krewes participate in the parades,but, as leaders of New Orleans society,they also hold balls and other elaborate events during the carnival season,which lasts from Christmas up to Mardi Gras itself.The krewes are responsible for electing Rex,the annual king of the carnival,whose parade is the climax of Mardi Gras.While masked paraders had long been a part of Mardi Gras,the first carnival group organized as such was the Mystick Krewe of Comus in 1857.Krewe is only a fanciful spelling of crew in its standard meaning, but the word, thanks to its association with Mardi Gras and New Orleans high society,has taken on some of the mystique of the carnival.为了组织和筹划每年盛大的大斋日前夜狂欢节，许多新奥尔良家庭世世代代都属于krewes 这种团体。 这些团体要在“油腻的星期二”来临前的两周，制作华丽服装和彩车供狂欢节游行使用。克鲁的成员们不仅参加游行，作为新奥尔良的上层人物，他们还要在狂欢节节期举行舞会和其它盛大的活动，这从圣诞节一直延续到大斋首日的前一天。克鲁成员还要选出一个Rex，即每年狂欢节的国王，他的游行是整个大斋首日前夜的高潮。化妆游行长期以来一直是大斋首日前夜狂欢节的一部份，而第一个这种狂欢节团体在1857年才建立，名叫“科摩斯神秘的群体”。Krewe 这个词是对普通意义的 crew 这个词一个花哨的拼法， 但是这个词由于与大斋首日前夜狂欢节和新奥尔良的上流社会联系在一起，便带上那个狂欢节的一些神秘气氛〔appendicitis〕Even though the wordappendicitis was in use in 1885, the year in which theOxford English Dictionary published the section "Anta-Battening" that would have contained the word, the editor, James Murray, omitted this "crack-jaw medical and surgical word" on the advice of Oxford's Regius Professor of Medicine, Sir Henry Wentworth Acland.As K.M. Elisabeth Murray, the granddaughter and biographer of James Murray, points out,"The problem of what scientific words to include was a continuing one, and James Murray was always under pressure—from his advisers . . . who thought the emphasis should be on words from good literature and from those in the [Oxford University] Press who wanted to save cost and time—not to include scientific words of recent origin.”In 1902 no less a person than Edward VII had his appendix removed,and his coronation was postponed because of the operation.Appendicitis hence came into widespread use and has remained so, thereby pointing up the lexicographer's difficult task of selecting the new words that people will look for in their dictionaries.尽管appendicitis 这个词于1885年就已使用， 在这一年出版的牛津英语词典 的“安塔族-增长论”这一分册应包括有这个词， 但在牛津皇家医学院教授亨利·温特华斯·阿克兰的建议下，主编詹姆斯·莫雷删掉了这个“拗口的医学和外科用词”。正如詹姆斯·莫雷的孙女和传记作者K·M·伊莉莎白·莫雷指出的那样， “应包括什么科学用语是一个长期以来的问题，詹姆斯·莫雷经常遇到来自他的顾问的压力…他们认为重点应放到从好文学作品中收来的词汇上，还受到来自出版社的压力，他们为了节约成本和时间而不愿收录新近的科学词汇”。1902年恰恰正是爱德华七世割除了阑尾，他的加冕典礼也因为这次手术而延迟。Appendicitis 一词因此得到了普遍的使用并保持至今， 这也表明了词典编纂者在选择人们要查找的新单词时所面临的艰难任务 |
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