| 单词 | 阳性 |
| 释义 | 〔pollster〕An understanding of the history of the-ster in pollster may perhaps raise more questions than it answers. In the first place apollster does not have to be a woman, despite the fact that the suffix-ster, originally-estre in Old English, was used to form feminine agent nouns.Hoppestere, for example, meant "female dancer.” But in Old English-estre was occasionally applied to men, although perhaps largely or completely in the case of translations of Latin masculine nouns denoting occupations that were held by women in Anglo-Saxon society.An example isbæcester, "baker,” glossing Latinpistor; it survives as the Modern English nameBaxter. In Middle Englishthe suffix was still largely feminine in the south of Englandbut masculine and feminine in the north,a tendency that became general in English starting with the 16th century.As an example of this tendencyseamster was remade into the feminineseamstress. In Modern English the suffix is usually derogatory.This use probably arose from the occurrence of the suffix with ambiguous verbs,such asgame, "to play at sports, to play at sex,” or with pejorative verbs,such asrime or rhyme. In some modern formations on neutral words-ster is not derogatory, as inyoungster (1589), but in most cases,as withpollster (1939), -ster has pejorative force. 对于pollster 中的 -ster 的历史的理解也许会引发比它能回答的问题更多的问题。 首先pollster 不一定非得是妇女， 尽管-ster 这一后缀， 源于古英语中的-estre ， 被用来构成阴性名词。比如hoppestere 一词意为“女舞蹈者。” 但在古英语中-estre 也偶尔可以用在男性身上， 虽然也许这种情况大多或者完全出现在表示盎格鲁-撒克逊社会中由妇女从事的职业的一些阳性拉丁文名词的翻译中。其中一个例子是boecester 意为“面包师”， 来自拉丁语的pistor； 这个词在现代英语名字Baxter 中保存了下来。 在中世纪英语中，该后缀在英格兰南部仍然主要地被用作阴性，但在英格兰北部却被同时用作阳性和阴性，而后一种趋势自16世纪以来逐渐在英语中变得普遍。反映这种趋势的一个例子是seamster ， 该词被改造成了阴性的seamstress。 在现代英语中这一后缀通常是含贬义的。这种用法可能是因为此后缀与一些有歧义的动词合用而产生的，比如game 可表示“进行体育活动，进行性游戏，” 或者是因为与轻蔑动词合用而产生的，比如rime 或 rhyme。 在某些现代英语中性名词中，-ster 不是贬损的， 如在youngster (1589年）中， 但在大多数情况下，如pollster (1939年）这个词中 -ster 仍是有贬义的 〔czarevitch〕-evich [masculine patronymic suff] -evich [阳性父名的后缀] 〔corynebacterium〕Any of various gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria of the genusCorynebacterium, which includes many animal and plant pathogens, such as the causative agent of diphtheria. 棒状杆菌属：革兰氏染色显阳性，棒状杆菌 属的一种棒状细菌，包括许多动物和植物病原体，例如白喉的病原体 〔listeria〕Any of various rod-shaped, gram-positive bacteria of the genusListeria, which includes the causative agent of listeriosis. 李斯特氏杆菌：各种李斯特氏菌 属的杆状、革兰氏阳性细菌，包括李斯特氏菌病的病原体 〔streptococcus〕A round to ovoid, gram-positive, often pathogenic bacterium of the genusStreptococcus that occurs in pairs or chains, many species of which destroy red blood cells and cause various diseases in human beings, including erysipelas, scarlet fever, and septic sore throat. 链球菌：一种呈圆形到卵圆形，革兰氏阳性的单性生殖细菌，链球菌 属，成双或呈链形出现，许多链球菌会破坏血红血球并在人体内引发多种疾病，包括丹毒，猩红热，及链球菌性扁桃体炎 〔common〕Either masculine or feminine in gender.阴性的或阳性的〔ampicillin〕A type of penicillin that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used in treating gonorrhea and infections of the intestinal, urinary, and respiratory tracts.安匹西林：一种青霉素，抗革兰氏阴性、革兰氏阳性细菌有效，用于治疗淋病以及肠道、泌尿道和呼吸道的感染〔yang〕The active, masculine cosmic principle in Chinese dualistic philosophy.阳：中国阴阳学中积极的、阳性的宇宙要素〔photopositive〕Drawn to light; exhibiting a positive phototactic or phototropic response.正趋光性的，光正性的：吸光的；显示出阳性趋光的或趋光性反应的〔he〕Beginning early in the 20th century, however,the traditional usage has come under increasing criticismfor reflecting and perpetuating gender discrimination. ·Defenders of the traditional usage have argued that the masculine pronounshe, his, and him can be used generically to refer to men and women. This analysis of the generic use ofhe is linguistically doubtful.Ifhe were truly a gender-neutral form, we would expect that it could be used to refer to the members of any group containing both men and women.But in fact the English masculine form is an odd choice when it refers to a female member of such a group.There is something plainly disconcerting about sentences such as 可是从20世纪早期起，传统用法不断受到指责，因为它反映并长久维持性别歧视。传统用法辩护者认为阳性代词he，his 和 him 可以用来指代男人和女人的总称。 有关he 的属性用法的分析， 从语言学角度上来说，是有疑问的。如果he 果真是一个中性形式， 我们猜想它可以用来指代任何包含有男人和女人的群体中的成员。但事实上，在英语中用阳性形式来指代上述一群体中的女性成员构成一种很奇特的选择。如下面这个句子中明显存在使人困窘之处： 〔tyrothricin〕A gray-brown mixture consisting mainly of tryocidine and gramicidin, used as a topical antibiotic in treating infections caused by gram-positive bacteria.混合短杆菌肽：主要由短杆菌酪肽与短杆菌肽构成的一种灰棕色混合物，主要用来制造治疗因革兰氏阳性细菌造成的感染的抗生素〔streptothricin〕Any of a group of antibiotics produced by an actinomycete(Streptomyces lavendulae) and active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and some fungi. 链丝菌素：由（淡紫灰链霉菌） 的放线菌产生的一组抗生素，对革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌及一些真菌有抗性 〔arroyo〕masculine variant of Latin arrugia [a galleried mine] 拉丁语 arrugia的阳性变体 [一个有坑道的态] 〔penicillin〕Any of a group of broad-spectrum antibiotic drugs obtained from penicillium molds or produced synthetically, most active against gram-positive bacteria and used in the treatment of various infections and diseases.青霉素，盘尼西林：一种从青霉菌或人工合成青霉菌中提炼的广谱抗生素，能最有效地防治革兰氏阳性细菌且广泛运用于各种传染病和疾病的治疗中〔deuce〕from Latin duōs [masculine accusative of] duo * see dwo- 源自 拉丁语 duōs duo的阳性宾格 * 参见 dwo- 〔micrococcus〕A spherical, aerobic, gram-positive bacterium of the genusMicrococcus, usually occurring in irregular clusters. 微球菌：一种球状需氧的革兰氏阳性细菌，属微球菌 属，通常见于不规则群中 〔the〕of se [masculine demonstrative pron.] * see so- se的变化 [阳性指示代词] * 参见 so- 〔subtilin〕An antibiotic peptide obtained from the bacteriumBacillus subtilis that is active against gram-positive bacteria and various pathogenic fungi. 枯草菌素：一种从枯草芽孢杆菌 中提取的多肽抗生素，对于抵抗革兰氏阳性细菌和多种病原真菌十分有效 〔yang〕Chinese (Mandarin) yáng [sun, light, masculine element] 汉语（普通话） yáng [太阳、光、阳性元素] 〔neuter〕Neither masculine nor feminine in gender.中性的：既非阳性也非阴性的〔cabriolet〕from Latin capreolus [masculine diminutive of] caprea [roe deer] 源自 拉丁语 capreolus caprea的阳性小后缀 [麈鹿] 〔gender〕Traditionally,gender has been used primarily to refer to the grammatical categories of "masculine,” "feminine,” and "neuter"; but in recent years the word has become well established in its use to refer to sex-based categories,as in phrases such asgender gap and the politics of gender. This usage is supported by the practice of many anthropologists,who reservesex for reference to biological categories, while usinggender to refer to social or cultural categories. According to this rule,one would sayThe effectiveness of the medication appears to depend on the sex (not gender ) of the patient, butIn peasant societies, gender (not sex ) roles are likely to be more clearly defined. This distinction is useful in principle,but it is by no means widely observed,and considerable variation in usage occurs at all levels.传统地，gender 已被主要用来指“阳性”、“阴性”和“中性”的语法类别， 自近年来，这个单词已被人们普遍接受为指基于性别区分的类别，例如在词组性别差异 和 性别政治 中， 这种用法被许多人类学家所支持，他们把sex 局限为生物类别， 而用gender 来指社会和文化方面的类别。 根据这种规则，我们应该说医疗的有效性似乎取决于 （而不是 gender ） 病人的性别， 但是在农业国家中，性别的 （不是 sex ） 角色易于有更清楚的定义。 这种区分在原则上是有用的，但无法被人们广泛注意，而且大量变体出现于在不同水平的用法中〔staphylococcus〕A spherical gram-positive parasitic bacterium of the genusStaphylococcus, usually occurring in grapelike clusters and causing boils, septicemia, and other infections. 葡萄球菌：一种葡萄球菌属 的球状革兰氏阳性寄生细菌，通常呈现出葡萄状串簇并导致疖、败血症和其它感染 〔seropositive〕Showing a positive reaction to a test on blood serum for a disease; exhibiting seroconversion.血清反应阳性的：因疾病在血清实验中显示阳性反应；表现血清转变的 |
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