| 单词 | 阶层 |
| 释义 | 〔gutter〕A degraded and squalid class or state of human existence.下等阶层：人类生活中一种堕落的，邋遢的阶层或状态〔diet〕A formal general assembly of the princes or estates of the Holy Roman Empire.神圣罗马帝国的三政会：神圣罗马帝国的王孙或该阶层的正式的一般议会〔militarism〕Glorification of the ideals of a professional military class.尚武精神：崇高职业军人阶层的理想〔samurai〕A professional warrior belonging to this class.武士：属于这个阶层的职业战士〔echelon〕A level of responsibility or authority in a hierarchy; a rank:等级，阶层：等级制中的权力或责任等级；阶层：〔snob〕Earlier snob [cobbler, lower-class person, person who aspires to social prominence] 较早期 snob [补鞋匠，低阶层人物，追求显著社会地位的人] 〔upscale〕To redesign or market for higher-income consumers:重新设计：面向高消费阶层重新设计或销售：〔various〕Being an individual or separate member of a class or group:各个的，个别的：做为一个阶层或群体的一个个体或分离出来的成员的：〔upward〕Toward a higher position in a hierarchy or on a socioeconomic scale:向高层方向地：上升至更高的社会等级或社会经济阶层：〔subemployed〕Of or relating to workers or segments of the paid labor force that are unemployed, underemployed, or underpaid.半就业的，就业不足的：失业的、部分时间就业的，所得工资不能维持生活的工人或工薪阶层的，有关这些工人及阶层的〔class〕A social stratum whose members share certain economic, social, or cultural characteristics:阶层，阶级：一种社会层次，其成员有共同的经济、社会或文化特征：〔man〕Traditionally,man and words derived from it have been used generically to designate any or all of the human race irrespective of sex.In Old Englishthis was the principal sense ofman, which meant "a human being" regardless of sex;the wordswer and wyf (or w÷pman and wifman ) were used to refer to "a male human being" and "a female human being" respectively. But in Middle Englishman displaced wer as the term for "a male human being,”whilewyfman (which evolved into present-day woman ) was retained for "a female human being.” The result of these changes was an assymetrical arrangement that many criticize as sexist.Many writers have revised some of their practices accordingly.But the precise implications of the usage vary according to the context and the particular use ofman or its derivatives. · Man sometimes appears to have the sense of "person" or "people" when it is used as a count noun, as inA man is known by the company he keeps and Men have long yearned to unlock the secrets of the atom, and in phrases likethe common man and the man in the street. Here the generic interpretation arises indirectly:if a man is known by the company he keeps,then so, by implication, is a woman.For this reasonthe generic interpretation of these uses ofman is not possible where the applicability of the predicate varies according to the sex of the individual. Thus it would be inappropriate to say thatMen are the only animals that can conceive at any time, since the sentence literally asserts that the ability to conceive applies to male human beings.This usage presumes that males can be taken as representatives of the species.In almost all cases,however, the wordsperson and people can be substituted for man and men, often with a gain in clarity. · By contrast,man functions more as a generic when it is used without an article in the singular to refer to the human race, as in sentences likeThe capacity for language is unique to man or in phrases like man's inhumanity to man. But this use ofman is also ambiguous, since it can refer exclusively to male members of the human race.In most contexts wordssuch ashumanity or humankind will convey the generic sense of this use of man. · On the whole,the Usage Panel accepts the generic use ofman, the women members significantly less than the men. The sentenceIf early man suffered from a lack of information, modern man is tyrannized by an excess of it was acceptable to 81 percent of the Panel (including 58 percent of the women and 92 percent of the men).The Panel also accepted compound words derived from genericman. The sentenceThe Great Wall is the only man-made structure visible from space was acceptable to 86 percent (including 76 percent of the women and 91 percent of the men).The sentence"The history of language is the history of mankind" (James Bradstreet Greenough and George Lyman Kittredge) was acceptable to 76 percent (including 63 percent of the women and 82 percent of the men). Such compounds were acceptable even when the context required that they be applied chiefly to women.Thus, 66 percent of the Panel (including 57 percent of the women and 71 percent of the men) accepts the wordmanpower in the sentence Countries that do not permit women to participate in the work force are at a disadvantage in competing with those that do avail themselves of that extra source of manpower. · A related set of problems is raised by the use ofman in forming the names of occupational and social rolessuch asbusinessman, chairman, spokesman, layman, and freshman, as well as in analogous formationssuch asunsportsmanlike and showmanship. Some condemn this use categorically;however, these words remained acceptable to a majority of the Usage Panel when they were used to refer to a role or class in the abstractbut were rejected when they were used to refer to a woman.Thus the general use ofchairman was acceptable to 67 percent of the Panel (including 52 percent of the women and 76 percent of the men) in the sentence The chairman will be appointed by the Faculty Senate. But only 48 percent (including 43 percent of the women and 50 percent of the men) accepted the use of the word inEmily Owen, chairman of the Mayor's Task Force, issued a statement assuring residents that their views would be solicited, where it is applied to a woman. · Several strategies have been suggested for replacing the categorical use of compounds formed withman. Parallel terms likebusinesswoman, spokeswoman and chairwoman are increasingly used to refer to women. Also in use are common-gender terms coined withperson, such asbusinessperson, spokesperson, and chairperson. For occupational titles ending inman, new standards of official usage have been established by the U.S. Department of Labor and other government agencies.In official contexts termssuch asfirefighter and police officer are now generally used in place of fireman and policeman. · A majority of the Panelists rejected the verbman when it was used to refer to an activity performed by women. The sentenceMembers of the League of Women Voters will be manning the registration desk was unacceptable to 56 percent of the Panel (including 61 percent of the women and 54 percent of the men). See Usage Note at -ess ,people 传统上，man 以及它的衍生字一般是用来指任何人或整个人类， 不考虑性别。在古英语中，这就是man 这个字主要的意思， 即“人” 而不分性别；单词wer 和 wyf （或 woepman 和 wifman )则分别用以指“男人”和“女人”。 但在中古英语时man 取代了 wer 这个词， 也具有“男人”的意义了；而wyfman （这个字发展演变成了今天的 woman 这个字）作为“女人”这个意思被保留了下来。 这些变化的结果是，作为性别歧视者所批评的匀称排列。为此，许多作家相应地修订了他们部分的创作活动。但是这用法的准确含义取决于它的上下文以及man 的具体用途或它的衍生字。 当man 这个字被当作一个可数名词来用时，它有时似乎具有“一个人”或“人们”的意思， 如在被他所在的那个公司熟悉了解的人 和 很久以来，人们都期盼着解开原子的秘密 ， 以及如下短语中普通的人 和 街上的人 。 这里，一般的理解源于间接地推理：如果一个男人是被他所在的公司了解的话，其言下之意是，一个女人也是被他所在的公司熟悉了解的。正是这个原因，使得man 当此一般理解之义用时，其谓语随着个人性别的改变而变化是不可能的。 所以，说人是唯一能在任何时候思考的动物 是不适当的， 因为这句话字面之义是指男人的思考能力。这种用法是假定男人可以作为人类的代表。几乎毫无例外的是，词person 和 people 可以用 man 和 men 来取代，且后两字意思更清楚。 相反，当man 以单数不带冠词出现用以指人类时，它更是指一类、一属， 如在象句子只有人才有语言能力 或象短语 人类对人类的不人道 中。 但man 若以这种形式出现，其意思也会模糊不清， 因为其可只指人类中的男性成员。在大多数的行文中，例如humanity 或 humankind 这样的字也传达了 man 这种用法的一般意义。 总的说来，在用法专题使用小组成员中接受man 这种一般用法的女性比男性明显少得多。 下面这句话如果说古代人受信息不足之苦的话，那么现代人则是受信息过量之虐待了 在小组中有81的成员可接受 （其中女性成员中的接受率为58，男性中则为92)。专题小组会还接受作为一般意义的man 构成的复合词。 长城是太空中的唯一可见的人造物 这句话有86的成员接受 （其中女性成员的接受率为76，而男性中为91)。“语言史就是一部人类史” （詹姆士·布拉斯瑞特·格里诺和乔治·莱曼·基特里奇）这句话的接受率为76（基中在女性成员中有63接受，而男性中为82)。 即使是上下行文所需的字主要指的是女人，这种复合词仍然被接受。因此小组中的66（其中女性委员的57，男性的71)接受了manpower 这个词在下句的用法： 那些不允许女人加入生产力大军的国家和那些允许女人加入生产力大军的国家相比，在处理剩余劳动力这一点上明显处于竞争的劣势 。 由于man 的使用所引起的一系列相关问题产生了， 在构成职业或社会角色类别的名称，如商人、主席、发言人、外行 和 渔夫 ， 以及将这个字用于类似的构词法中，如违反运动精神的 和 善于表演的才能 。 有些人谴责这种类别的用法；然而，当它们抽象地指某种角色或阶层时，这些词仍能得到用法专题使用小组大多数人的接受；但当它们用由于指女性时，这些词就被拒绝了。因此在句子主席由职工委员会指定 中 主席 的这种一般用法就得到了67小组成员的接受（其中在女性成员中为52，而男性中为76)。 但是，在句子艾米莉·欧文，市长任务小组的主席，发表了一个声明，向市长保证将考虑他们的观点 中这个字的用法，由于是指女性，只有48的成员接受（其中在女性成员中的接受率为43，而男性中为50)。 对于如何替换用man 构成的类别复合词，几种构思被提了出来。 与之相对的复合词如女商人、女发言人 和 女主席 越来越多地被用来指女性。 另外，用person 构成的中性词也创造了出来， 如商人、发言人 和 主席 。 对于用man 结尾的职业名称， 美国政府劳工部和其它政府机构已建立起了新的官方运用标准。在官方行文，现在一般用如firefighter 和 police officer 代替 fireman 和 policeman 。 大多数的小组成员反对将动词man 用于指那些女性从事的活动。 句子登记处将配备女性选民联盟的成员 在用法专题使用小组中的反对率是56（其中在女性成员中的反对率是61，而男性中为54) 参见 -ess,people〔Jat〕A member of a peasant caste residing in the Punjab and other areas of northern India and Pakistan, comprising Moslem, Hindu, and Sikh groups.贾特人：居住在旁遮普平原、印度和巴基斯坦北部地区的由穆斯林、印度教和锡克教徒组成的农民阶层〔privilege〕A special advantage, immunity, permission, right, or benefit granted to or enjoyed by an individual, a class, or a caste.See Synonyms at right 特权，优惠：给予个人、某一阶层或某一社会阶级或为其所享有的特别的好处、豁免、权利、利益或优惠 参见 right〔priest〕In many Christian churches, a member of the second grade of clergy ranking below a bishop but above a deacon and having authority to administer the sacraments.司铎，司祭，神甫，神父，牧师：在许多基督教教堂中，位于主教以下助祭以上的第二阶层的神职人员，并有权执行圣事〔shibboleth〕A word or pronunciation that distinguishes people of one group or class from those of another.特有用语：把一个群体或阶层的人从另一个群体和阶层区分开来的词语或发音〔upper〕the upper bunk; the upper half of the class.上铺；此阶层的上流社会〔estate〕A major social class, such as the nobility, the commons, or the clergy, formerly possessing distinct political rights.社会阶层：主要的社会阶层，例如贵族阶层、平民阶层、牧师阶层，具有不寻常的政治权力〔stratify〕To develop different levels of caste, class, privilege, or status.分成阶层：形成不同层次的阶层、阶级、特权或地位〔Kshatriya〕The second of the four Hindu classes, responsible for upholding justice and social harmony. In ancient India this was the royal or warrior class; in modern India, the professional, governing, or military class.刹帝利：四个印度种姓中的第二级，负责执法和维护社会安定。在古代印度，它由皇族和武士阶层构成；在现代印度，它表示职业、统治和军事阶层〔anomie〕Alienation and purposelessness experienced by a person or a class as a result of a lack of standards and values.缺规，失范：个人或阶层由于准则和价值观的缺失而经历的疏远和无目的状态〔rate〕To place in a particular rank or grade.检定等级：置入某一特定的阶层或等级〔plebeian〕A member of the lower classes.百姓：属于较低阶层的一员〔gentry〕The class of English landowners ranking just below the nobility.乡绅：英国土地拥有者阶层，地位仅低于贵族〔royalty〕The lineage or rank of a monarch.国王的家系或阶层〔stratum〕One of a number of layers, levels, or divisions in an organized system:阶级：一个有组织的体系的阶层、层次或分支中的一员：〔stratum〕A level of society composed of people with similar social, cultural, or economic status.阶层：由社会、文化、经济地位相近的人组成的社会层次〔scapular〕A badge worn by affiliates of certain religious orders, consisting of two pieces of cloth joined by shoulder bands and worn under the clothing on the chest and back.肩章：某些宗教阶层成员所佩戴的徽章，由两块用肩带连接的布构成，佩戴在胸部和后背的衣饰下面〔plantocracy〕Leadership or government by this class.庄园主管理体制：这个阶层的领导阶层或政府〔burgher〕A member of the mercantile class of a medieval European city.中产阶级富裕殷实的公民：中世纪欧洲城市的商业阶层成员〔superrich〕The most wealthy people considered as a group or class. Often used withthe : 富人们：是富有的群体或阶层。常与定冠词the 连用： 〔yeoman〕Of, relating to, or ranking as a yeoman.自耕农的：自耕农的、与之有关的或自耕农阶层的〔classism〕Bias based on social or economic class.阶级偏见，阶级歧视：基于社会或经济阶层的偏见〔Parkinson〕British historian noted for his humorous works that ridicule the inefficiency of bureaucracies.巴金森，西（里尔）·诺思科特：(生于 1909) 英国历史学家，以讽刺官僚阶层低效无能的幽默作品而闻名〔mobility〕The movement of people, as from one social group, class, or level to another:流动：人的移动，如从一个社会集团，阶级或阶层移向另一社会集团，阶级或阶层：〔hypergamy〕The practice of marrying into an equal or more prestigious social group or caste.高攀婚姻：与一个同等或甚至于更具声望的社群团体或阶层联姻〔pariah〕A member of a low caste of agricultural and domestic workers in southern India and Burma.贱民，下等人：在南印度和缅甸从事农业和家务劳动的低等阶层的成员〔bourgeois〕In Marxist theory, a member of the property-owning class; a capitalist.资产阶级：在马克思的理论中，所有者阶层的一员；资本家〔royalty〕A person of royal rank or lineage.王族成员：皇家阶层或家族的一员〔yeoman〕A farmer who cultivates his own land, especially a member of a former class of small freeholding farmers in England.自耕农：耕作自己土地的农民，尤指英格兰历史上自由保有自己地产的小农阶层 |
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英汉汉英双解词典收录301015条英汉双解翻译词条，可根据汉字查询相应的英文词汇，基本涵盖了全部常用汉字的英文读音、翻译及用法，是英语学习及翻译工作的有利工具。