| 单词 | 阶级 |
| 释义 | 〔phylogeny〕Greek phulon [race, class] * see bheuə- 希腊语 phulon [种族，阶级] * 参见 bheuə- 〔travel〕travels in wealthy circles.与富裕阶级来往〔stratify〕To arrange or separate into castes, classes, or social levels.把…分层：把…安排于或分成阶层、阶级或社会层次〔proletariat〕The propertyless class of ancient Rome, constituting the lowest class of citizens.（古罗马社会中的）最下层阶级：古代罗马没有财产的阶级，组成公民中最低层的阶级〔plantocracy〕A ruling class formed of plantation owners.庄园主阶级：农园主人所形成的统治阶层〔class〕A division based on quality, rank, or grade, as:等级，阶层：基于品质、阶级或等级的划分，如：〔private〕One who holds this rank or a similar rank in a military or paramilitary organization.属二等兵阶级的士兵：军事或半军事性组织团体中持有这一军衔或类似军衔的人〔rigid〕"We have watered down a rigid training . . . until we now have an educational diet in many of our public high schools that nourishes neither the classes nor the masses"(Agnes Meyer)“我们已经减轻了这种乏味严格训练的强度，…直到现在我们还在许多既没有使阶级也使大众繁荣的公立高中里受教育”(阿格尼斯·梅尔)〔stratify〕To develop different levels of caste, class, privilege, or status.分成阶层：形成不同层次的阶层、阶级、特权或地位〔grade〕A set of persons or things all falling in the same specified limits; a class.阶级：在同一特定范围内的一组人或事物；一个班级〔Yat〕A member of a lower- and middle-class segment of the white population of New Orleans.耶特人：下等阶级及中产阶级的新奥尔良白种人中一员〔booboisie〕A class of people regarded as stupid and gullible.愚民阶级：被认为愚蠢而易受欺骗的一个阶级〔degree〕rose by degrees from clerk to manager of the store.按阶级逐渐从店员上升到经理〔womanist〕Having or expressing a belief in or respect for women and their talents and abilities beyond the boundaries of race or class:妇女主义的：超越种族或阶级的界限的，具有或表达对于女人和她们的才能和能力的信任或尊重的：〔classless〕Lacking social or economic distinctions of class:无阶级差别的：缺乏阶级间社会或经济差别的：〔quality〕"The most vital quality a soldier can possess is self-confidence" (George S. Patton).Aproperty is a basic or essential quality possessed by all members of a class: “一名士兵所必须具备的素质就是自信” （乔治·S·巴顿）。property 是一个阶级的所有成员所具有的基础或基本的特点： 〔Veblen〕American economist who described a fundamental conflict between the provision of goods and the making of money. In his popular studyThe Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) he coined the phrase conspicuous consumption. 维布伦，索尔斯坦·本德：(1857-1929) 美国经济学家，他描述了商品供给和创造利润之间的根本矛盾。在他的流行著作《有闲阶级论》 （1899年）中，他杜撰了 《夸耀性消费》 这一短语 〔semifeudal〕a semifeudal social and economic system; a landed, semifeudal class of people.半封建的社会和经济制度；有土地的半封建阶级〔overclass〕The upper social stratum of society, composed of wealthy and professional people, especially when viewed as controlling society's economic power.上流社会：由富人与专业技术人员组成的上层社会阶级，尤被视为掌握社会经济力的〔proletarian〕From Latin prōlētārius [belonging to the lowest class of Roman citizens (viewed as contributing to the state only through having children)] 源自 拉丁语 prōlētārius [属于罗马公民中最低的阶级（这种分法是通过生养孩子对政府做贡献而看待）] 〔stratum〕One of a number of layers, levels, or divisions in an organized system:阶级：一个有组织的体系的阶层、层次或分支中的一员：〔ideology〕The body of ideas reflecting the social needs and aspirations of an individual, a group, a class, or a culture.思想（体系），思想意识：反映社会需要和个人、组织、阶级或文化的愿望的思想总和〔Solon〕Athenian lawgiver and poet. His reforms preserved a class system based on wealth but ended privilege by birth.棱伦：古雅典的立法者及诗人。他的改革保留了建立在财富基础之上的阶级系统，但却以出生特权而告终〔Bushido〕The traditional code of the Japanese samurai, stressing honor, self-discipline, bravery, and simple living.武士道：一种日本武士阶级的传统习俗准则，强调忠诚、自制、勇敢和简朴的生活〔people〕Persons with regard to their residence, class, profession, or group:同类人：由于同样的居住地、阶级、职业或群体而联系在一起的人：〔proletariat〕from Latin prōlētārius [belonging to the lowest class of Roman citizens] * see proletarian 源自 拉丁语 prōlētārius [属于罗马公民中最低的阶级] * 参见 proletarian〔plutocracy〕A wealthy class that controls a government.富豪阶级，财阀：控制一个政府的富有阶级〔Pasolini〕Italian writer and director whose films, includingThe Gospel According to St. Matthew (1964) and The Decameron (1971), reflect on religion, class, and sexuality. 帕索里尼，皮尔·保罗：意大利作家与导演，其电影作品，包括《马太福音》 （1964）和 《十日谈》 （1971），对宗教、阶级以及性进行了反思 〔proletariat〕The poorest class of working people.社会的最下层阶级：工人中的最贫苦的阶级〔vulgar〕The wordvulgar brings to mind off-color jokes, but this was not always so.Ironically the wordvulgar is itself an example of pejoration, the process by which the semantic status of a word changes for the worse over a period of time.The ancestor ofvulgar, the Latin word vulgāris (from vulgus, "the common people"), meant "of or belonging to the common people, everyday,”as well as "belonging to or associated with the lower orders.”Vulgāris also meant "ordinary,” "common (of vocabulary, for example),” and "shared by all.” Its only sense of the sort we might expect was related to the notion of general sharing, that is, "sexually promiscuous.”Our word, first recorded in a work composed in 1391,entered English during the Middle English period,and in Middle English and later English we find not only the senses mentioned above but also related senses.What is common can be seen as debased,and in the 17th century we begin to find instances ofvulgar that made very explicit what was already implicit. Vulgar now meant "deficient in taste, delicacy, or refinement.” From such usevulgar has gone downhill, and at present "crudely indecent" is probably one of the first senses ofvulgar that occurs to many when the word is used. Vulgar 这个词使人想起下流的玩笑， 但这并不尽然。具有讽刺意味的是vulgar 这个词本身就是一个贬义词， 是一个词的语义经过一段时间变为贬义的过程。Vulgar 的语源，拉丁词 vulgaris （来自于 vulgrs， “普通人”）， 意思是平常人的、属于平常人的或日常的，”也意味着“属于低等阶级的，与低阶级有关的。”Vulgaris 也意味着“平常的”，“普通的（如词汇表的）”，和“大家共有的。” 我们可能会想到的这一类的唯一意思与“大家共有的”的意思是有关，即“滥交的。”这个词，首先记载于1391年编的一部书里，在中古英语期间进入英语，在中古英语和后期的英语中我们不仅发现它有上述的意思，也有其它相关的意思。普通的可以被看作是低下的，在17世纪我们开始发现vulgar 把含蓄的意思变得很明显的例子。 现在vulgar 指“品味、格调或教养不高的。” 以这个意思vulgar 开始走下坡路， 现在当人们使用vulgar 时，对许多人来讲“粗野下流的”可能是第一个意思 〔caste〕A specialized level in a colony of social insects, such as ants, in which the members, such as workers or soldiers, carry out a specific function.有社会组织的昆虫的阶级：群居动物，如蚂蚁的聚居地中的一个特殊阶层，其成员如工蚁或兵蚁在其中发挥特殊的作用〔representative〕Like or typical of others of the same class.See Usage Note at cross section 有代表性的：象或是同一阶级的其他人的典型的 参见 cross section〔Brahmin〕The first of the four Hindu classes, responsible for officiating at religious rites and studying and teaching the Vedas.婆罗门：印度教四个阶级中的最高阶级，负责执掌宗教仪式和学习及教授《吠陀经》〔unity〕"A downtrodden class . . . will never be able to make an effective protest until it achieves solidarity" (H.G. Wells). “被压迫的阶级…决不能形成有效的抗议直到它获得团结一致为止” (H·G·威尔斯）〔peach〕"Middle-level bureaucrats cravenly peach on their bosses[when] one of them does something the tiniest bit illegal" (National Observer)“ 中等阶级官员的同事做了一点点违法的事，他们就会胆怯地向上司告密” (美国观察者)〔yeomanry〕The class of yeomen; small freeholding farmers.自由民：自由民阶级；小自耕农〔range〕A class, a rank, or an order:阶级，等级：阶级、等级或次序：〔nigger〕Used as a disparaging term for a member of any socially, economically, or politically deprived group of people:下层人：对排斥在社会、经济或政治活动外的阶级成员的侮辱性称呼：〔culture〕These patterns, traits, and products considered as the expression of a particular period, class, community, or population:特种文化：被视为表现某一特定阶段、阶级、社会或种族的这些方式、特点和产物：〔mobility〕The movement of people, as from one social group, class, or level to another:流动：人的移动，如从一个社会集团，阶级或阶层移向另一社会集团，阶级或阶层： |
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