| 单词 | 阿拉伯 |
| 释义 | 〔Hodeida〕A city of western Yemen on the Red Sea. It is a major port and industrial center. Population, 126,400.荷台达：阿拉伯也门共和国西部一城市，位于红海边。是主要港口和工业中心。人口126,400〔Lean〕British filmmaker. His works includeThe Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) and Lawrence of Arabia (1962), both of which won Academy Awards. 里恩，戴维：(生于 1908) 英国电影制片人，他的作品包括《桂河大桥》 （1957年）和 《阿拉伯的劳伦斯》 （1962年），两片均获得学院奖 〔Colombo〕The capital and largest city of Sri Lanka, on the western coast of the island on the Indian Ocean. The city was probably known to Greco-Roman, Arab, and Chinese traders more than 2,000 years ago. It became capital of the crown colony of Ceylon in 1802 and of independent Ceylon in 1948. Population, 587,647.科伦坡：斯里兰卡首都和最大城市，位于印度洋西部海岸。2000年前为希腊一罗马、阿拉伯和中国商人所熟知。于1802年成为锡兰王属殖民地的首府，并于1948年成为独立的锡兰的首府。人口587,647〔Nabataea〕An ancient kingdom of Arabia in present-day Jordan. It flourished from the fourth centuryb.c. to a.d. 106, when it was conquered by Rome. The "rose-red city" of Petra was its capital. 纳巴泰：位于现在约旦的一个古代阿拉伯王国，从公元前 4世纪繁荣至 公元 106年，当时受罗马统治。“玫瑰红城”佩特瑞是它的首都 〔Arabian〕Of or concerning Arabia or the Arabs; Arab.阿拉伯半岛或阿拉伯人的：阿拉伯半岛或阿拉伯人的或与之有关的；阿拉伯的〔Sassanid〕A Persian dynasty (a.d. 224-651) and the last line of Persian kings before the Arab conquest. The Sassanid era was marked by wars against Romans, Armenians, and Huns and by the revival of Zoroastrianism. 萨桑王朝：波斯国的一个王朝(公元 224-651年），也是被阿拉伯征服以前的波斯国最后一个国王。萨桑时代以对罗马人、亚美尼亚人和匈奴人发动的战争及祆教的复兴为标志 〔Assyria〕An ancient empire and civilization of western Asia in the upper valley of the Tigris River. In its zenith between the ninth and seventh centuriesb.c. the empire extended from the Mediterranean Sea across Arabia and Armenia. 亚述：亚洲西部底格里河流域北部一帝国和文明古国。公元前 9世纪至7世纪，在它的强盛时期，亚述帝国的疆域从地中海跨越阿拉伯和亚美尼亚地区 〔Dubayy〕A city and sheikdom of eastern United Arab Emirates on the Persian Gulf. Oil was discovered here in the 1960s. Population, 906,100杜拜：阿拉伯联合大公国东部的城市和酋长国，临波斯湾。20世纪60年代在此发现石油。人口906,100〔Saracen〕A member of a pre-Islamic nomadic people of the Syrian-Arabian deserts.撒拉逊人：叙利亚-阿拉伯沙漠地区伊斯兰时代以前的游牧民族的一支〔Lipizzan〕Any of a breed of sturdy, compact horses developed from Spanish, Italian, Danish and Arab stock that are born black or dark brown and gradually turn white by the time they are five to eight years of age. They are bred and trained at the Spanish Riding School in Vienna.利皮札马：任何由西班牙、意大利、丹麦及阿拉伯血统繁殖出的健康结实的马种，出生时为黑色或深棕色，五到八岁时逐渐变为白色。这些马都在维也纳的西班牙马术学校被饲养及训练〔Casbah〕from Arabic dialectal qaṣbah 源自 阿拉伯方言 qaṣbah 〔Arabist〕Abbr. Ar.,Arab.A specialist in the Arabic language or culture.缩写 Ar.,Arab.阿拉伯专家：阿拉伯语言或文化的专家〔Arabist〕One who is favorably disposed toward Arab concerns and policies.阿拉伯（民族）主义者：非常关注阿拉伯事务及政策的人〔Midianite〕A member of an ancient tribe of Midian in northwest Arabia.米甸人：阿拉伯西北古米甸部落的成员〔kabbalah〕There are no less than two dozen variant spellings ofkabbalah, the most common of which include kabbalah, kabala, kabalah, qabalah, qabala, cabala, cabbala, kaballah, kabbala, kaballah, and qabbalah. This sort of confusion is frequently seen with Hebrew and Arabic words borrowed into English because there exist several different systems of transliterating the Hebrew and Arabic alphabets into Roman letters. Often a more exact or scholarly transliteration, such as Qur'an, will coexist alongside a spelling that has been heavily Anglicized ( Koran ). The fact that the Hebrew and Arabic alphabets do not as a rule indicate short vowels or the doubling of consonants compounds the difficulties. Spellings of kabbalah with one or two b 's are equally "correct,” insofar as the single b accurately reproduces the spelling of the Hebrew, while the double b represents the fact that it was once pronounced with a double b. kabbalah 有超过十二种以上不同的拼法，最常见的包括 kabbalah, kabala, kabalah, qabalah, qabala, cabala, cabbala, kaballah, kabbala, kaballah 及 qabbalah 。此类混淆情形最常见于自希伯来及阿拉伯文字转借给英语时，这是由于在希伯来及阿拉伯字母音译为罗马字母时有数种不同系统存在所致。通常较精确或是学究上的音译，例如 Qur'an ，会与已经偏重于英语化的拼法（ Koran ）共同存在。事实上，希伯来及阿拉伯字母并没有一种明确指出短元音及双子音为何的原则增加其困难度， kabbalah 有一到两个 b 的拼法都一样“正确”，到目前为止单 b 精确地重现希伯来文的拼法，而双 b 则表示它曾经以双 b 发音的事实 〔Umayyad〕The first dynasty of Arab caliphs (661-750). Its capital was Damascus.伍麦耶王朝：阿拉伯哈里发的第一个王朝(661年-750年）。其首都为大马士革〔Abbasside〕An Arabic dynasty (750-1258) that expanded the Moslem empire. It was named for al-Abbas (566?-652), paternal uncle of the prophet Mohammed.阿拔斯王朝：一阿拉伯王朝（750-1258年），它使穆斯林帝国得以扩大。得名于先知穆罕默德的叔父阿拔斯（566?-652年）〔Arafat〕Leader of Al Fatah, an Arab guerrilla group, and the Palestine Liberation Organization, both of which advocate the establishment of an independent Palestinian state.阿拉法特，雅瑟：(生于 1929) 阿拉伯游击队组织阿尔法塔赫及巴勒斯坦解放组织的领袖，这两个组织都提倡建立独立的巴勒斯坦政府体制〔hamadryas〕Latin [hamadryad] * see hamadryad 拉丁语 [阿拉伯狒狒] * 参见 hamadryad〔arabesque〕In the fashion of or formed as an arabesque.阿拉伯图案的：阿拉伯图案风格的或形成阿拉伯图案的〔Bedouin〕An Arab of any of the nomadic tribes of the Arabian, Syrian, Nubian, or Sahara deserts.贝都因人：阿拉伯、叙利亚、努比亚或撒哈拉沙漠的游牧部落中的阿拉伯人〔Himyarite〕A member of an ancient tribe of southwest Arabia.希米亚人：阿拉伯西南部一个古老部落的成员〔Hariri〕Arabian poet and scholar remembered for hisMaqamat, a collection of discourses. 哈里里：(1561-1612) 阿拉伯诗人和学者，以故事集《玛卡梅》 而闻名 〔Shriner〕After the Ancient Arabic Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine , their fraternal order 以古阿拉伯神秘圣地贵族会 Shrine 命名，他们的兄弟会会员 〔artichoke〕Those who have been warned to watch out for the sharp-tipped bracts toward the innermost part of an artichoke may have wondered whether the name of this vegetable has anything to do with choking.Originally it did not.Our word goes back to an Arabic word for the same plant,al-Caršūf. The Arabic word passed into Spanish,a not uncommon occurrence given the fact that Moslems ruled much of Spain for several centuries during the Middle Ages.The Old Spanish wordalcarchofa was variously modified as it passed through Italian, a Northern dialect form beingarticiocco, which looks more like artichoke than al-Caršūf. In English, where the word is first recorded in the early 16th century, a potpourri of spellings and explanations of it are found.For example, people who did not know the long history of the word explained it by the notion that the flower had a "choke,”that is, something that chokes, in its "heart.”那些被告知要当心这种朝鲜蓟的最内层部分的尖苞片的人，可能会猜想这种蔬菜与窒息有一些联系。最初并没有。这个词可以追溯到阿拉伯语言关于这种植物的名称，al-harsuf。 这个阿拉伯名称又传入了西班牙，这件极普通的事情指出，在中世纪时期穆斯林曾统治西班牙大部地区，长达几个世纪的事实。旧的西班牙词alcarchofa 又经历了不同的变化，如传入意大利， 北方方言的形式形成articicco， 这看起来更象 artichoke 而非 al-harsuf。 在英语中，这个词在16世纪初被记录下来时，有许多不同的拼法和解释。例如，不知道这个词的悠久历史的人解释这个词时依据的看法是花会令人“窒息”，也就是说，是一种在它“心中”窒息的东西。〔Geber〕Arab scholar and alchemist who wrote a number of influential books of alchemical theory, includingSumma Perfectionis. 格伯：阿拉伯学者和炼金家，写了许多有关炼金理论的颇具影响的书籍，包括《完美的冶炼产品》 〔alcohol〕Theal- in alcohol may alert some readers to the fact that this is a word of Arabic descent, as is the case withalgebra and alkali—al being the Arabic definite article corresponding to the in English. The origin of-cohol is less obvious, however. Its Arabic ancestor waskuḥl, a fine powder most often made from antimony and used by women to darken their eyelids;in fact,kuḥl has given us the word kohl for such a preparation. Arabic chemists came to useal-kuḥl to mean "any fine powder produced in a number of ways, including the process of heating a substance to a gaseous state and then recooling it.” The English wordalcohol, derived through Medieval Latin from Arabic, is first recorded in 1543 in this sense. Arabic chemists also usedal-kuḥl to refer to other substances such as essences that were obtained by distillation, a sense first found for Englishalcohol in 1672. One of these distilled essences, known as "alcohol of wine,” is the constituent of fermented liquors that causes intoxication.This essence took over the termalcohol for itself, whence it has come to refer to the liquor that contains this essence as well as to a class of chemical compounds such as methanol.al- 包含于 alcohol 中的用法可能会使读者注意到这个词来源于阿拉伯语， 就如同algerbra 和 alkali--al 作为与英语中 the 相对应的阿拉伯语定冠词。 不过-cohol 的词源就不那么明显了。 它在阿拉伯语中写作kuhl， 是一种通常用锑精研而成的粉末，妇女们用它来涂黑眼睑；实际上我们由kuhl 这个词已可以得出作为备用的 kohl 一词。 阿拉伯的化学家们开始把al-kuhl 一词用来指“通过一系列方法而得到的细粉末， 这些方法包括将一种物质加热至气化状态再使之冷却的过程。”英语中的alcohol 这个词，是由该阿拉伯词汇入中世纪拉丁语之后发展而来的，用作这个意义的记录最早出现于1543年。 阿拉伯化学家也用al-kuhl 这个词指如通过蒸馏而得到的精华的其它物质， 英语词汇alcohol 的这一含义最早出现于1672年。 其中有一种被称为“酒精”的蒸馏产物是可以醉人的发酵液体的组成部分。alchohol 成了专指这一物质的词汇， 从此以后它也指包含该物质的液体及甲醇等化合物〔Hamadan〕A city of western Iran west-southwest of Tehran. An ancient city, it was captured by Alexander the Great in 330b.c. and later ruled by Seleucid kings, Romans, Byzantines, and Arabs (after a.d. 645). Population, 234,000. 哈马丹：伊朗西部城市，位于德黑兰的西南偏西。它是一座古城，公元前 330年被亚历山大大帝征服，后来被塞琉西地国王、罗马、拜占庭以及阿拉伯( 公元 645年以后）统治。人口234,000 〔Baathist〕A member of a pan-Arab socialist political party active principally in Syria and Iraq.巴提党员，叙利亚社会党党员：主要活跃于叙利亚和伊拉克的泛阿拉伯社会主义政党中一员〔palomino〕A horse with a golden or tan coat and a white or cream-colored mane and tail, thought to have been developed from Arabian stock.鸠形马：一种全身金黄色或淡棕色的马，鬃和尾是白色或奶油色，被认为是从阿拉伯系发展来的〔Hussein〕King of Jordan (since 1952). Since he lost control of western Jordan in the Arab-Israeli War (1967), Hussein has attempted to remain neutral in Arab-Israeli conflicts.侯赛因：约旦国王(1952年后）。自从1967年在阿拉伯-以色列战争中丧失对西约旦的控制权后，他在阿以冲突中一直尽量保持中立〔arabesque〕"the fluctuating shapes of a cloudscape, the complex arabesque of a camera movement, the blink of a character's eye"(Nigel Andrews)“云彩形状的多变形式，摄像机运动的复杂阿拉伯图案，演员眼睛的眨动”(奈杰尔·安德鲁斯)〔mattress〕The history of the wordmattress is a small lesson in the way amenities have come to Europe from the Middle East. During the earlier part of the Middle Ages,Arabic culture was more advanced than that of Europe.One of the amenities of life enjoyed by the Arabs was sleeping on cushions thrown on the floor.Derived from the Arabic wordṭaraḥa, "to throw,” the word maṭraḥ meant "place where something is thrown" and "mat, cushion.”This kind of sleeping surface was adopted by the Europeans during the Crusades,and the Arabic word was taken into Italian (materasso ) and then into Old French ( materas ), from which comes the Middle English wordmateras , first recorded in a work written around 1300. The Arabic word also became Medieval Latinmatracium, another source of our word.mattress 这个词的由来是康乐设施从中东传到英国的一个小小见证。 中世纪早期，阿拉伯人的文化要比欧洲文化进步。阿拉伯人生活中享受的一个康乐设施就是睡在铺在地上的垫子上。由阿拉伯语中的词taraha “扔”派生出来的词 matrah ， 意思是“铺着东西的地方”和“垫子，沙发”。这种睡觉方式被十字军东征时期的欧洲人采用，这个阿拉伯词因此进入意大利语(materasso )和古法语( materas )。 从这两个词又引出最早出现于1300年左右的一部著作中的中古英语词汇materas 。 这个阿拉伯词同时也被收入中世纪拉丁语，即matracium ， 这也是我们这个单词的另一个来源〔Hashemite〕A member of a princely Arab family claiming direct descent from the prophet Muhammad.哈希姆系：一群自称为穆罕默德先知的直系子孙后代的阿拉伯王系家族成员〔sheik〕A leader of an Arab family or village.酋长：阿拉伯家族或村庄的领导者〔haboob〕A penetrating sandstorm or dust storm with violent winds, occurring chiefly in Arabia, North Africa, and India.哈布沙暴：主要发生在阿拉伯，北非和印度的伴随狂风的猛烈的沙暴或尘暴〔Mozarab〕from 'arab [Arab] 源自 'arab [阿拉伯] 〔mocha〕A rich, pungent Arabian coffee.摩卡咖啡：一种醇厚且有刺激性味道的阿拉伯咖啡〔afreet〕A powerful evil spirit or gigantic and monstrous demon in Arabic mythology.恶魔：阿拉伯神话中的威力无穷的恶魔，巨大而丑陋的神〔hamadryas〕A baboon(Papio hamadryas) of northern Africa and Arabia, the adult male of which has a heavy mane. Also called sacred baboon 阿拉伯狒狒：一种生长在非洲北部和阿拉伯的狒狒（狒狒属 阿拉伯狒狒） ，成年雄性有浓密的体毛 也作 sacred baboon |
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