| 单词 | 限于 |
| 释义 | 〔esoteric〕Of or relating to that which is known by a restricted number of people.小范围内的：限于小圈子里的人的或与他们有关的〔stenobathic〕Limited to or able to live only within a narrow range of water depths. Used of aquatic organisms.狭深性的：限于或仅能生存于狭窄的水深范围内的。用于水生生物〔horizontal〕Occupying or restricted to the same level in a hierarchy:横向的：居于或限于一等级体系中的同一层次的：〔trademark〕Abbr. TMA name, symbol, or other device identifying a product, officially registered and legally restricted to the use of the owner or manufacturer.缩写 TM商标，牌号：标明产品的名字、符号或其它设计，经过正式注册，并只合法地限于其拥有者或制造商使用〔invitational〕Restricted to invited participants:限于被邀请的：〔urochord〕A notochord limited to the caudal region, characteristic of the urochordates.尾索：限于尾部的脊索，有尾索动物的特征〔restricted〕Excluding or unavailable to certain groups:限于内部使用的：排除或不供某些集团使用的：〔culprit〕According to British legal tradition,the wordculprit comes from cul. prit, an abbreviation of the Anglo-Norman legal phraseCulpable: prit d'averrer nostre bille. These words, said by the clerk of the crown in response to a not-guilty plea,meant, "Guilty: I am ready to aver our indictment.”After law French went out of official use in the courts,the shortened formcul. prit was misinterpreted as a term of address used by the clerk to a prisoner indicted for high treason or felony and pleading "not guilty.” Culprit is first recorded in such a use in 1678. The term was thereafter taken to mean "the accused,”and then, by association with Latinculpa, "guilt,” it came to mean "a guilty party.”根据英国法律的传统，culprit 一词源于 cul. prit ， 这是英国法语的法律短语Culpable： prit d'averrer nostre bille 的缩略语。 这些词语是王国政府的书记员在回答对于被指控罪名不服的申诉时所说的，意思是：“证明有罪的：我将要证实我们的控告属实。”在诺曼人的法律法语不限于在法庭中使用后，其缩略形式cul.prit 被错误地理解为一种称呼，书记员用它来称呼被控犯有判国罪或重罪但又申辩“无罪”的犯人。 Culprit 一词最早在1678年以这种用法被记录下来。 这个词语自那以后被用来指“被控告的人”，然后它与拉丁语culpa “有罪的”一词相联系， 用来表示“被证明有罪的一方”〔subjectivism〕The doctrine that all knowledge is restricted to the conscious self and its sensory states.主观主义：认为一切知识都限于意识的状态和成分的认识的理论〔localize〕localized the infection.使感染限于局部〔go〕Go has long been used to describe the production of nonlinguistic noises, as inThe train went "toot.” The cow goes "moo.” In recent years, however,younger speakers have extended this use ofgo to the report of speech, as inThen he goes, "You think you're real smart, don't you.” For speakers young enough to get away with it,this usage serves a useful purpose in informal spoken narrative as an explicit indicator of a direct quotation, particularly when the speaker wishes to mimic the accent or intonation of the original spoken source.Largely restricted to the "narrative present" used in vivid description,it is highly inappropriate in formal speech or writing.Go 很久以来用来描述非语言学上的发声， 如在火车发出“突突”声， 牛“哞哞”地叫。 然而，近些年来，年轻的演讲者把go 的这一用法运用到演讲报告中去了， 如在接着他说道，“你认为你 的确 聪明，是吗？” 。 由于年轻人太年轻了而被人们忽视了这一误用，这一用法在非正式口语中作为直接引语的明显的指示词起到十分有益的作用，尤其在说话者想模仿原口语材料的重音或语调时，这一作用更明显。主要用于生动形象的“描述”里，限于陈述句现在时中，在正式的演讲或书面语中十分不适用〔theoretical〕Restricted to theory; not practical:理论上的：限于理论的；非实践的：〔masterful〕According to a widely repeated dictum,masterful should be reserved for the sense "imperious, domineering,” as ina masterful tone of voice, whereasmasterly should be the choice when the intended sense is "having the skill of a master,” as ina masterly performance of the sonata. The distinction is a nicety that some writers will want to continue to observe.But the use ofmasterful in the latter sense has long been common in reputable writing and cannot be regarded as incorrect.根据广为强调的权威意见，masterful 应限于“支配的、专横的”的含义。 例如，一种专横傲慢的语调， 而如果想指“具备精通者的技艺”，则应该选用masterly 。 例如，一场奏鸣曲的精湛演出 。 一些作家会继续遵守这个细微区别。但在后一种含义上使用masterful 在一些享有声望的作品中也一直常见， 因此不能被看作是不准确的〔outside〕Of, restricted to, or situated on the outer side of an enclosure or a boundary; external:外界的：属于，限于或位于围栏或界限之外的；外部的：〔male〕 Male, likefemale, categorizes by sex; the term is not limited in application to human beings: Male， 象female 一样，指的是性别的分类； 这个词不仅仅限于用指人类的性别： 〔landlocked〕Confined to inland waters, as certain salmon.内陆水域的：限于内陆水域的，如萨蒙河的某些地段〔faubourg〕The close political ties between Scotland and France during the 15th through 17th centuries were reflected in linguistic borrowing from French to Scots,as in the case offaubourg, a synonym for suburb. In Englandfaubourg seems to have lost the competition with the more popular suburb. However, in contemporary American English the word still exists,although it is virtually confined to the city of New Orleans, where,in fact,faubourg remains in use because of the city's French background. Even there it is used not as a common noun likesuburb but in combination in the names of various quarters of the city,for example,Faubourg Sainte Marie. These city districts, like their counterparts in Paris,such asFaubourg Saint-Germain and Faubourg Saint-Antoine, originally lay outside the city limits, hence the designationfaubourg, originally from Old French fors, "outside,” and borc, "town.” As the population grew outward,these former suburbs became part of the city proper.在苏格兰语对法语语言上的借用反应了15世纪到17世纪之间苏格兰与法国紧密的政治纽带，例如faubourg， 是 suburb 的同义词。 在英国，faubourg 看起来已丧失了与更流行的 suburb 的竞争力。 然而，在当代美国英语中，这个词仍然存在，尽管实际上它限于新奥尔良城。事实上，faubourg 保持在新奥尔良的使用是因为这个城市的法语背景。 它甚至不是像suburb 那样作为一个普通名词使用， 而是与城市的不同区的名字连在一起，例如圣玛丽亚区 。 这些城区，就像它们在巴黎的对应地区，如圣格梅茵区 和 圣安东尼区 一样，一般位于城区的外围， 因此名称faubourg 源自于古法语 fors ，“外面”，和 borc， “城镇”。 随着人口的向外增长，这些前郊区成了城区的一部分〔shall〕The sentenceYou shall have your money expresses a promise ("I will see that you get your money"), whereasYou will have your money makes a simple prediction. · Such, at least, are the traditional rules.But the distinction has never taken firm root outside of what H.W. Fowler described as "the English of the English" (as opposed to that of the Scots and Irish), and even there it has always been subject to variation.Despite the efforts of generations of American schoolteachers, the distinction is largely alien to the modern American idiom.In Americawill is used to express most of the senses reserved for shall in English usage, andshall itself is restricted to first person interrogative proposals, as inShall we go? and to certain fixed expressions, such asWe shall overcome. Shall is also used in formal style to express an explicit obligation,as inApplicants shall provide a proof of residence, though this sense is also expressed bymust or should. In speech the distinction that the English signal by the choice ofshall or will may be rendered by stressing the auxiliary, as in I will leave tomorrow ("I intend to leave"); by choosing another auxiliary, such as must or have to; or by using an adverb such as certainly. · Many earlier American writers observed the traditional distinction betweenshall and will, and some continue to do so.The practice cannot be called incorrect,though it may strike American ears as somewhat mannered.But the distinction is difficult for those who do not come by it natively,and Americans who essay ashall in an unfamiliar context run considerable risk of getting it wrong, and so of being caught out in that most embarrassing of linguistic gaffes, the bungled Anglicism.See Usage Note at should 句子你将得到你的钱 表达了一种承诺（“我将保证你得到你的钱”）， 而你会得到你的钱 仅仅做出了简单预测。 这些至少是传统规则。但是这种用法上的区别仅局限于H·W·福勒所描述的“英格兰人的英语”（与苏格兰人和爱尔兰人的英语相对），即使在英格兰英语中它一直在变化。尽管经过几代美国学校教师的努力，这种区别对现代美国习惯用语仍是相当生疏的。在美国，will 被用来表达在英国用法中大多为 shall 保留的含义， 而shall 则限于第一人称疑问句式的提议， 如在我们该走了吧? 及某些固定表达中， 例如我们会克服的。 Shall 也用在正式文体中表示明确职责，如申请者应提供居留证明 ， 虽然这个意义也可用must 或 should 表达。 在口语中可以通过强调助动词shall 或 will ，如 我 将 于明天离开 （“我打算明天离开”）；或通过选择另一个助动词 must 或 have to ；或通过使用如 certainly 这样的副词来表达英国人用这两个词时的区别。 许多早期的美国作家注意到了shall 和 will 之间的传统区别， 而且一些人仍在继续这样做。这种用法不能被称作不正确，虽然美国人听起来有点矫揉造作的意味。但是这种区别对于那些不能通过母语了解它的人是困难的，而且在一个不熟悉的上下文中，试图用shall 的美国人很有可能犯错误， 因而在许多令人难堪的语言即被搞得一团糟的英式英语中出丑 参见 should〔general〕Not limited to or dealing with one class of things; diversified:多样的，普通的：不限于或不仅仅处理一种事物的；多元化的：〔whose〕It has sometimes been claimed thatwhose should be used only as the possessive form of who and should thus be restricted to animate antecedents, as ina man whose power has greatly eroded. But there is extensive literary precedent for the use ofwhose as the possessive of which, as inThe play, whose style is rigidly formal, is typical of the period. In an earlier survey this example was acceptable to a large majority of the Usage Panel.The alternate formof which also can be used to this purpose, as in The play, the style of which is rigidly formal, is typical of the period. But as this example demonstrates, substitutingof which for whose may result in stiltedness. See Usage Note at else ,which ,who 人们有时认为whose 只应作为 who 的所有格形式并限于表示有生命的先行词， 如在句子a man whose power has greatly erode. （能力已大大衰退的人）中。 但把whose 用作 which 的所有形式也是有许多先例的， 如 the play, whose style is rigidly formal, is typical of the period. （这个剧本的文体僵化正式，是当时的典型）。 在早期，这种用法对于用法专题小组的多数人来说都是可以接受的。其变化形式of which 在这种情况下也可用，如 The play, the style of which is rigidly formal, is typical of the period. 。但象 这个例子所显示的一样，用of which 代替 whose 会显得不自然 参见 else,which,who〔specialist〕A physician whose practice is limited to a particular branch of medicine or surgery, especially one who is certified by a board of physicians:专科医生：其治疗限于某一种医学或外科的特定分支的医生，尤指经医生理事会鉴定过的医生：〔entail〕To limit the inheritance of (property) to a specified succession of heirs.限定继承：对（财产）的继承限于特定的继承人顺序〔general〕Not limited in scope, area, or application:一般性的，到处的：不限于领域、地区或应用的：〔limit〕Interest in Asia is no longer confined to scholars.对亚洲感兴趣的人已不单限于学者了。〔residential〕Of, suitable for, or limited to residences:须住宿在任所的：属于、适于或限于住所的：〔half〕The phrasesa half, half of, and half a or half an are all correct, though they may differ slightly in meaning.For example,a half day is used when day has the special sense "a working day,” and the phrase then means "4 hours.” Half of a day and half a day are not restricted in this way and can mean either 4 or 12 hours.短语a half，half of 和 half a 或者 half an 都是正确的， 尽管它们可能在意义上稍有不同。例如当day 当工作日来讲时， a half day 这个短语的意思是“四个小时”。 Half of a day 和 half a day 的意思不限于此， 它们可以表示四小时或者十二小时〔stenohaline〕Limited to or able to live only within a narrow range of saltwater concentrations. Used of aquatic organisms.狭盐性的：限于或只能生活于一定盐水浓度的范围内的。用于水生生物〔ax〕To understand the origin of the idiomax to grind, we need to know thatgrind means "to sharpen.” This phrase is said to have come from a story by the 19th-century journalist Charles Miner (alias Poor Robert) about a seemingly friendly manwho was able by flattery to persuade a young boy to turn a grindstone for him.The tale first appeared in the Luzerne, Pennsylvania,Federalist on September 7, 1810, under the title "Who'll Turn Grindstones?” and later in an 1815 book entitledEssays from the Desk of Poor Robert the Scribe. Because "Poor Robert" was confused with "Poor Richard,”the story has often been erroneously attributed to Benjamin Franklin.The idiom itself is an Americanism—a word or expression originating in the United States.It was at first restricted to political contexts,but quotations from James Joyce ("Skin-the-Goat . . . evidently with an axe to grind, was airing his grievances")and George Bernard Shaw ("distinguished statesmen of different nations . . . each with a national axe to grind") attest that the phrase has traveled abroad and,as we know only too well, is no longer found only in political contexts.为了理解成语ax to grind 的出处， 我们需要知道grind 意思是“磨尖”。 这个短语据说出自19世纪旅行家查尔斯·麦纳（别名穷罗伯特）所写的关于一个似乎很友善的人的故事，他能够奉承地劝说一名男孩为他翻过一块磨光石。这个传说第一次出现在1810年9月7日宾夕法尼亚州的卢泽恩，在1810年9月7日题为“谁将推翻磨石”的联邦制拥护者 中提到， 之后1815年又在名为作家穷·罗伯特文集 一书中提到。 因为"poor Robert和"poor Richard"易被弄混淆，这个故事经常被错误地认为是本杰明·弗兰克林创作的。这个成语本身是美国式的词或表达源于美国。一开始被限于在政治性言词的情况中使用，但是从以下的引文表明这个短语已广泛地传播，一个是引于詹姆斯·琼斯（“这个显然别有企图的披着人皮的狼，正在诉苦”），另一个引自乔治·萧伯纳（“辨认出不同国家的人…每个国家都有自己国家的打算”），正如我们所熟知的，它不会只在政治性言论的上下文间才可以找到的 |
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英汉汉英双解词典收录301015条英汉双解翻译词条，可根据汉字查询相应的英文词汇，基本涵盖了全部常用汉字的英文读音、翻译及用法，是英语学习及翻译工作的有利工具。