| 单词 | 除非 |
| 释义 | 〔impulsion〕"I do not move . . . unless it be under the impulsion of a third party"(Samuel Beckett)“我不会动摇…除非在第三个党派的驱使下”(塞缪尔·贝克特)〔rime〕"A meal couldn't leave us feeling really full unless it laid down a rime of fat globules in our mouths and stomachs"(James Fallows)“一顿饭不能让我们感觉真得吃饱了，除非放入我们的嘴里和胃里已备有一层肥肉球”(詹姆斯·法洛斯)〔per〕In its more general use to mean "according to" (as inper the terms of the contract ), it is best reserved for business and legal communications,unless the writer seeks a tone of jocular formality.更普遍的意思是“根据”（如见 per the terms of the contract )， 最适于商业和法律交流，除非作者想寻求一种滑稽的正式口吻〔continuum〕A continuous extent, succession, or whole, no part of which can be distinguished from neighboring parts except by arbitrary division.统一体：一个连续不断的范围、顺序或整体，除非用硬性分割不能将其中一部分当作邻近部分区分开来〔hectic〕In the Usage Panel survey done for the first edition of theAmerican Heritage Dictionary (1969), 92 percent of the Panel approved of the use ofhectic in its most familiar sense, "characterized by feverish activity, confusion, or haste.”The question was put to the Panelbecause in earlier usage that sense was sometimes deprecated as a loose extension of the term's meaning in medicine.Unless one has some medical knowledgeone probably does not know the older medical uses of the term,for example, "relating to an undulating fever, such as those accompanying tuberculosis,”and unless one has some acquaintance with Middle Englishone would not recognize the first recorded instance of the word,etik, in a text written before 1398. The Middle English term comes from the Old French development of the Late Latin wordhecticus, whose form helped reshape our word in the 16th century.Late Latinhecticus in turn comes from Greek hektikos, "formed by habit or forming habit" and "consumptive,” developing the last sense because of the chronic nature of tuberculous fevers.Thus a word that once simply meant "habitual"eventually had an English descendant used to refer to circumstances that would be undesirable if they were habitual.在针对美国经典辞书 （1969年）第一版对用法专题使用小组的调查中， 92%的成员赞成hectic 一词最常用的意思， “以紧张的活动、忙乱或慌忙为特征的”。之所以要向这些成员提这个问题，是因为作为该词医学含义的模糊延伸，这个意义有时不为人们所接受。除非某人有医学方面的知识，否则他就很可能不知道这个词在医学方面的古老用法，比如“和起伏不定的热病有关的，如肺结核的伴随症”。另外，除非某人对中古英语有一度程度的了解，否则他也认不出1398年以前的一个文本中该词的首例etik 。 这个中古英语单词是由古法语经后期拉丁语hecticus 一词的发展而来的， 其形式在16世纪帮助重新形成了这个单词。而后期拉丁语中的这个词hecticus 又是由希腊语中的 hektikos 一词而来，这个词在希腊语中意指“由习惯形成的或形成习惯的”及“患肺痨的，肺痨的”， 之所以得到最后的意思，是出于肺痨病的特性。这样一来，原来只是表示“习惯性的”这个词，传到英语中最后竟变成了指一旦成为习惯则不被人所喜爱的情形〔till〕Until you get that paper written don't even think about going to the movies. · 除非你把那篇文章写完了，否则别想去看电影。 〔nisi〕Latin nīsī [unless] * see ne 拉丁语 nīsī [除非] * 参见 ne 〔parallel〕In its mathematical usageparallel is an absolute term— two lines either do or do not intersect—and as such does not admit of qualification as to degree.Some grammarians have arguedthat this restriction should apply as well to nontechnical uses of the word.According to this logic,one may not sayThe two roads have been made more parallel, except perhaps as a loose way of saying what is rendered more precisely by expressions such asmore nearly parallel. Like the analogous objection that has been made to the comparison ofequal, the point betrays a misconception about the relation between mathematical concepts and their ordinary-language equivalents.Applied to objects in the world,parallel can only denote a rough approximation to a geometric ideal. A pair of rails or parked cars cannot be truly parallel in the mathematician's sense of the termbut only more or less so,just as a road or shelf cannot be truly straight in the geometric sensebut nonetheless may be described as very straight or relatively straight.The grammarians' compunctions make even less sense when applied to metaphorical uses ofparallel, as inThe difficulties faced by the Republicans are quite parallel to those that confronted the Democrats four years ago, in which the intended meaning has nothing to do with the possibility of intersectionbut instead suggests the structural correspondence of two distinct situations.In this sense, parallelism is clearly a matter of degreeand the wordparallel can be modified accordingly. See Usage Note at equal ,perfect ,unique 在数学用法中，parallel 是一个绝对的表达法—— 两条线要么相交，要么就不相交——它既没有限定性也没有程度差别。一些语法学家曾提出，这种限制也应该适用于该词在非科技方面的用法，按照这种逻辑，人们不能说这两条路已被修得更加平行了， 除非作为用例如更接近于平行 这样的表达方法更精确地表示的东西的不够精确的说出方法。 象对equal 的比较所做的类似反对一样， 这个观点使数学概念与普通用语中等价词之间的关系引起误解。当运用到世间的实物时，parellel 仅能指与几何理想状态大致接近的状况。 一对铁轨或停放的车辆不可能按数学家对于这个术语的理解来真正地相互并行，而不过是大致平行而已，正如公路和架子不可能是真正几何意义上的笔直，但仍可被描绘成很直的或相对而言的笔直。在用到parallel 的比喻用法时，语法学家的不安就更显得意义不大了， 例如：共和党人所面临的重重困难与四年前民主党人遇到的困难十分相似， 在这句话中，该词的引申意义与相交的可能性毫无关系，然而它暗指了两种不同情况结构上的一致。在此意义上，相似性明显是程度的问题，相应地，parallel 一词也能被其它词限定修饰了。 参见 equal,perfect,unique〔hapten〕A substance that reacts with a specific antibody but cannot induce the formation of antibodies unless bound to a carrier protein or other molecule.半抗原，不全抗原：一种对某种特定的抗体起反应但除非被限制于蛋白质载体或其他分子之中, 否则不能导致抗体的构成的物质〔unputdownable〕"Unless the story is at once as unputdownable to a taxi driver as to a university professor, it is not good enough"(Brian Burland)“除非这个故事无论在一名出租车司机那儿还是在一名大学教授那儿都同样地叫人爱不释手，否则它就还不够好”(布赖恩·伯兰德)〔desert〕When Shakespeare says in Sonnet 72,"Unless you would devise some virtuous lie,/To do more for me than mine own desert,”he is using the worddesert in the sense of "worthiness; deserving,” a word that is perhaps most familiar to us in the plural, meaning "something that is deserved,”as in the phrasejust deserts. This word goes back to the Latin worddēservīre, "to devote oneself to the service of,”which in Vulgar Latin came to mean "to merit by service.” Dēservīre is made up ofdē-, meaning "thoroughly,” and servīre, "to serve.” Knowing this,we can distinguish thisdesert from desert, "a wasteland,” and desert, "to abandon,” both of which go back to Latindēserere, "to forsake, leave uninhabited,” which is made up ofdē-, expressing the notion of undoing, and the verb serere, "to link together.” We can also distinguish all threedeserts from dessert, "a sweet course at the end of a meal,” which is from the French worddesservir, "to clear the table.” Desservir is made up ofdes-, expressing the notion of reversal, and servir (from Latin servīre ), "to serve,” hence, "to unserve" or "to clear the table.”当莎士比亚在第72首十四行诗中说：“除非你能编出善意的谎言/把我说得比我本人强得多”，这里desert 的意思就是“应得的东西”。 对这个词，我们最熟悉的大概是其复数形式（意思是“应得的东西”）。例如在词组just deserts 中。 该词的起源可以追溯到拉丁词deservire ， 意为“为…而献身”，在俗拉丁语中，意思就变成了“依据服务应得…”。 Deservire 由de- 意思是“完全地，彻底地”和 servire “服务”组成。 知道了这些，我们就可以把desert 与 desert “荒原”和 desert “放弃”区别开来。 后面两个意义可追溯到拉丁语deserere “遗弃，无人居住”， 它由de- 表示“不做”的概念和动词 serere “连接到一起”组成。 我们也能把所有这三个deserts 与 dessert “正餐最后上的一道甜食”区分开来， 后者来自法语词desservir “收拾桌子”。 Desservir 由表达“反，逆”概念的des- 和 servir 组成（来自拉丁语 servire ）， 意为“服务”、“因此“、“不上菜”或“清理桌子”〔rock〕He has an easygoing managerial style and won't rock the boat unless absolutely necessary.他有一套很随意的经营作风，除非极有必要否则不会改变自己一惯的做法〔allude〕Allude and allusion are often used where the more general terms refer and reference would be preferable. Allude and allusion apply to indirect references in which the source is not specifically identified: "Well, we'll always have Paris,” he told the travel agent, in an allusion to Casablanca. Refer and reference, unless qualified, usually imply specific mention of a source: I will refer to Hamlet for my conclusion: As Polonius says, "Though this be madness, yet there is method in't.” See Usage Note at refer Allude 和 allusion 在使用时经常可以被更普遍的词 refer 和 reference 所代替。 Allude 和 allusion 用在来源没有特别指明的间接引用语中： “对，我们将永远拥有巴黎，”他对旅行社服务员说。这句话引自卡萨布兰卡。 Refer 和 reference 通常指明确提到出处，除非有所限制： 我将引用 哈姆雷特 里的话作为我的结论： 正如波洛涅斯所说，“尽管这是发疯，但其中颇有理性。” 参见 refer〔state〕"Every body continues in its state of rest . . . unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it" (Isaac Newton). “每一个物体保持其静止状态…除非有加于其上的力，它才会改变那种状态” （伊萨克·牛顿）。 〔this〕 This informal usage is best avoided in formal writing except where conversational tone is deliberately being sought.See Usage Note at that 除非有意使用对话语气，这种非正式用法最好避免用于正式文体中 参见 that〔but〕With the exception that; except that. Used to introduce a dependent clause:若非：除非；除此。用于引导一个独立的从句：〔sierra〕Perhaps in formal contextsit is wise after mentioning a mountain range such as the Sierra Nevadato refer to it next asthe Sierras rather thanthe Sierra Mountains, sincemountains is inherent in sierra. Nonetheless, many Californians and Nevadans in particular will be very familiar with phrases such asthe Sierra Mountains. Such phrases are used because to a non-Spanish speakersierra does not necessarily have a meaning, unless one is familiar with the English wordsierra, "a rugged range of mountains having an irregular profile,” borrowed from Spanish. In Spanishsierra originally meant "saw" and so was aptly applied to a range of hills or mountains rising in peaks that suggested the teeth of a saw.It comes from Latinserra, "saw,” to which can also be traced our wordserrated. 也许在正式的语境中，提到了一山脉如内华达山脉之后，紧接着再提到时称为the Sierra ， 而不是the Sierra Mountains ， 因为mountains 是包含在 sierra 之中的。 尽管如此，许多加利福尼亚人，尤其是内华达人对类似the Sierra Mountains 这样的词组很熟悉。 使用这样的词组是因为对一个非西班牙语的人来说，sierra 一词并不一定有意义， 除非是一个熟悉这个从西班牙语中借用来的英语单词sierra （一崎岖的山脉，有曲折的轮廓）的人。 在西班牙语中，sierra 原意为“锯子”， 所以很恰当地被用来指峰峦叠起，使人联想起锯齿的山脉或群山。这个词来源于拉丁文serra （锯子）， serrated 也可以追溯到这个拉丁词 〔Romains〕French writer whose poetry, drama, and fiction, including the novel cycleMen of Good Will (1932-1946), express the belief that an individual is unimportant unless associated with some group. 罗曼，朱尔斯：(1885-1972) 法国作家，其诗歌、戏剧和小说表达了一种个人除非与某个群体联系在一起否则他是无足轻重的信念，作品包括系列长篇小说《善意的人们》 （1932-1946年） 〔where〕Whenwhere is used to refer to a point of origin, the prepositionfrom is required: Where did she come from? When it is used to refer to a point of destination,the prepositionto is generally superfluous: Where is she going? ( preferable toWhere is she going to? ). When it is used to refer to the place at which an event or a situation is located,the use ofat is widely regarded as regional or colloquial: Where is the station? (not Where is the station at? ). The idiomatic phrasewhere it's at, widely used in the 1960's to refer to "the current state of things,” is now largely pass?, except when used for stylistic effect: 当where 被用来指起源方面时， 介词from 就需要用上： 她从哪里来? 当它被用来指目的地时，介词to 就通常是多余的： 她要去哪里? ( 比起她要向哪里去? 更可取）。 当它被用来指事件所发生的场合或一种局面形势所处的地方时，使用at 则被广泛认作是地区性的或口语化的： 车站在哪里? （而不是 车站位于什么地方? )。 惯用语短语where it's at 在20世纪60年代广泛被用来指“事情的当前状态”，现已很大程度上过时了， 除非当我们用它来加强文体效果： 〔graymail〕A defensive tactic in an espionage trial whereby the accused threatens to reveal secret information unless the charges are dropped.灰函：在间谍案审判中的一种保护性策略，除非指控被撤消，否则揭露秘密信息的威胁〔anamorphosis〕An image that appears distorted unless it is viewed from a special angle or with a special instrument.失真图象，变形影象：除非从特别角度或用特殊仪器观察，否则所呈现的图象一般是扭曲的〔sunset〕Providing for the automatic termination of a government program or agency unless deliberately reauthorized by law:定期废止的：除非由法律特地重新授权，一个政府计划或机构自行废止的：〔but〕If not; unless:如果不；除非：〔help〕Don't change it any more than you can help (that is, "any more than you have to"). 除非万不得已，否则就不要再改变什么了（也就是说，“除非你不得不”）。 〔without〕Unless:除非，如果不：〔Boolean〕Of or relating to a logical combinatorial system treating variables, such as propositions and computer logic elements, through the operators AND, OR, NOT, IF, THEN, and EXCEPT:布尔逻辑的：通过和，或，非，如果，那么和除非等运算符号处理命题和计算机逻辑要素等变元的逻辑组合体系的，或与其有关的：〔Malthus〕British economist who wroteAn Essay on the Principle of Population (1798), arguing that population tends to increase faster than food supply, with inevitably disastrous results, unless the increase in population is checked by moral restraints or by war, famine, and disease. 马尔萨斯，托马斯·罗伯特：(1766-1834) 英国经济学家，著有《人口论》 （1798年），认为人口的增长比食物供应的增长要快，除非对人口的增长采用道德的约束或战争、饥荒和瘟疫加以抑制，否则会导致不可避免的灾难后果 〔ahead〕You won't hear anything unless you roll the tape ahead.除非你把录音带往前转，否则你是不会听到任何东西的 |
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