| 单词 | 霍姆斯 |
| 释义 | 〔passion〕"In our youth our hearts were touched with fire" (Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.).“当我们年青时，心中充满激情” （奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯·JR)。〔certainty〕"Certitude is not the test of certainty" (Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.). “确信并非确定的验证” （小奥利佛·温德尔·霍姆斯）。〔presence〕"The American diplomatic presence in London began in 1785 when John Adams became our first minister"(Nancy Holmes)“从1785年约翰·亚当斯成为我们第一任公使后，美国在伦敦的政治势力开始出现了”(南希·霍姆斯)〔indifferent〕"The universe is not hostile, nor yet is it friendly. It is simply indifferent" (John H. Holmes).“宇宙没有敌意，但也不是友好，它只是冷淡” （约翰·Ｈ·霍姆斯）。〔pant〕It would seem unlikely that the name of a 4th-century Roman Catholic saint should be the ultimate source of a word for a modern article of clothing commonly worn by both men and women.Pants, however, can be traced back to Pantaleon, the patron saint of Venice. He became so closely associated with the inhabitants of that citythat the Venetians became popularly known asPantaloni. Consequently, among the commedia dell'arte's stock characters the representative Venetian (a stereotypically wealthy but miserly merchant) was calledPantalone. His name in French,Pantalon, was borrowed into English (first recorded around 1590). During the middle of the 17th centurythe French came to identify him with one particular style of trousers,and this same style became known aspantaloons in English. Pantaloons was later applied to another style of trousers that came into fashion toward the end of the 18th century, tight-fitting garments that had begun to replace knee breeches.After thatpantaloons was used to refer to trousers in general. The last step in the development of the wordpants met with some resistance. This abbreviation ofpantaloon was considered vulgar and, as Oliver Wendell Holmes put it,"a word not made for gentlemen, but ‘gents.’”First found in the writings of Edgar Allan Poe in 1840,pants has replaced the "gentleman's word" in English and has lost all obvious connection to Saint Pantaleon.看起来一位公元4世纪的罗马天主教徒的名字似乎不可能是这个做为男人和女人平常都穿的布做的现代物品的根本词源。Pants 但可以追溯到奥塔莱昂，威尼斯的庇护神。 他变得与这座城市里的居民联系得这样紧密，以至于威尼斯人也通俗的被称为Pantaloni 。 结果，在即兴喜剧的角色中那个有代表性的威尼斯人（一个愚富而吝啬的商人）被称作Pantalone。 他的法语名字Panlalon 被借用到英语中（初次记录大约在1590年）。 在17世纪中期，法国人开始把它与一种特殊类型的裤子等同起来，同一种类型的裤子在英语中是pantaloons 。 Pantaloons 后来被用作另一种类型的裤子并在18世纪末日渐流行， 紧身衣服已经开始取代齐膝马裤。在那以后，pantaloons 被用来泛指裤子。 在pants 一词发展的最后遇到了一些阻力。 Pantaloon 的缩写被认为是粗俗的， 并且正如奥立弗·温德尔·霍姆斯所说，“并不是为绅士而造的词，而是为‘家伙们所造’”。最早在1840年发现于艾德加·爱伦·坡的作品中，pants 在英语中已经替代了那个“绅士的语言”， 而且显然已失去了和圣奥塔莱昂的一切联系〔Holmes〕American jurist who served as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1902-1932). Many of his opinions greatly influenced the American concept of law.霍姆斯，小奥利弗·温德尔：(1841-1935) 美国法官，曾任美国高级法院法官（1902-1932年），他的许多观点影响了美国法的概念〔anesthesia〕The following passage, written on November 21, 1846, by Oliver Wendell Holmes,a physician-poet and the father of the Supreme Court justice of the same name,allows us to pinpoint the entry ofanesthesia and anesthetic into English: "Every body wants to have a hand in a great discovery. All I will do is to give you a hint or two as to names—or the name—to be applied to the state produced and the agent. The state should, I think, be called ‘Anaesthesia’ [from the Greek word anaisthēsia, "lack of sensation"]. This signifies insensibility . . . The adjective will be ‘Anaesthetic.’ Thus we might say the state of Anaesthesia, or the anaesthetic state.”This citation is taken from a letter to William Thomas Green Morton,who in October of that year had successfully demonstrated the use of ether at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.Althoughanaesthesia is recorded in Nathan Bailey's Universal Etymological English Dictionary in 1721, it is clear that Holmes really was responsible for its entry into the language.TheOxford English Dictionary has several citations for anesthesia and anesthetic in 1847 and 1848, indicating that the words gained rapid acceptance.下面是奥立佛·万德·霍姆斯写于1846年11月21的一段话。作者是个诗人医生和与其同名的最高法庭法官的父亲。这段话能使我们断定anesthesia 和 anesthetic 进入英语的背景： “每个人都希望能够参与一次伟大的发现。我所要做的是告诉你一两个提示去命名，或能被应用于某种状态的名称。我认为这种状态应该被叫做Anaesthesia ［从希腊词anaisthesia “感觉缺失”发展而来］。 这个词表示无感觉…其形容词应该是‘Anaesthetic’。这样我们可以说感觉缺失的状态或感觉缺失”。这段话是从寄给威廉·托马斯·格林·莫顿的一封信上摘录下的，莫顿同年十月在波士顿的马萨诸塞总医院曾成功使用了醚。尽管南森·巴利于1721年把anaethesia 选入了 通用英语词源词典 ， 但是很显然是霍姆斯首先把这个词引入英语。牛津英语词典 上有几处引用了1847年和1848年有 anesthesia 和 anesthetic 的句子， 说明这两个词很快就被人们所接受〔Davis〕American commentator best known for his radio news analyses during and in the years immediately following World War II.戴维斯，埃尔默·霍姆斯：(1890-1958) 美国新闻评论员，最出名的是二次大战期间或随后几年间的广播新闻评论〔Homs〕A city of west-central Syria north of Damascus. Birthplace of the Roman emperor Heliogabalus, it was taken by the Arabs in 636. Egypt controlled the city from 1831 to 1840. Population, 346,871.霍姆斯：叙利亚中西部一城市，位于大马士革北部。罗马皇帝海里奥加巴鲁斯的出生地。636年被阿拉伯人占领。埃及在1831年-1840年控制该城。人口346,871〔refit〕"a house . . . in need of a major refit"(Nancy Holmes)“一个需要大修的房子”(南希·霍姆斯)〔keeping〕"A facade had been added, in perfect keeping with[the] original architecture" (Nancy Holmes)“人们给那座建筑加上了一个正面，与 原建筑风格十分协调” (南希·霍姆斯)〔attribute〕"Some excellent remarks were made on immortality, but mainly borrowed from and credited to Plato" (Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.). “一些优秀的言论是不朽的，但主要从柏拉图处借用并归功于他” （奥立佛·温德尔·霍姆斯爵士）。〔McGuffey〕American educator who compiled theMcGuffey Eclectic Readers (1836-1857), schoolbooks that combined reading lessons with moralistic teachings. 麦加菲，威廉·霍姆斯：(1800-1873) 美国教育家，曾编写《麦加菲多风格读本》 （1836-1857年），该教科书把阅读课和思想道德教育结合在一起 〔behavior〕"Life, not the parson, teaches conduct" (Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.).“是生活而不是牧师，告诉人们该如何行动” （小奥立弗·温德尔·霍姆斯）。〔Holmes〕American physician and writer. A professor of anatomy and physiology at Harvard (1847-1882), he wrote humorous conversational pieces, includingThe Autocrat of the Breakfast Table (1858). 霍姆斯，奥利弗·温德尔：(1809-1894) 美国医生和作家，哈佛的解剖学及生理学教授(1847-1882年），他写过一些幽默的会谈式文章，其中有《早餐桌上的独裁者》 （1858年） 〔pleasure〕"The rule of joy and the law of duty seem to me all one" (Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.).“快乐的标准与义务的法则对我来说是同一件事” （小奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯） |
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