| 单词 | 面临 |
| 释义 | 〔sinister〕These adjectives apply to what is indicative of or threatens great harm, disaster, or evil.这些形容词意思中都有预示或面临巨大伤害、灾难或邪恶的。〔describe〕parents rehearsing the dangers the children faced;父母们详述了孩子们面临的危险；〔aspect〕A position facing or commanding a given direction; exposure.方位：座向面临或朝向一指定方向的位置；方位〔dilemma〕Ph.D. students who haven't completed their dissertations by the time their fellowships expire face a difficult dilemma:哲学博士生们在研究生职位期限终止时还没有完成其论文就要面临一种进退两难的境地：〔dismay〕A sudden or complete loss of courage in the face of trouble or danger.丧胆，绝望：在面临麻烦或危险时，突然或完全失去勇气〔south〕To, toward, of, facing, or in the south.向南方，南方的，面临南方或在南方的〔sledding〕"The bill . . . faces tough sledding in Congressional conference"(New York Times)“那个议案…面临议会会议的巨大阻挠”(纽约时报)〔insecure〕unemployed and facing an insecure future.失业并面临无保障的未来〔persevere〕To persist in or remain constant to a purpose, an idea, or a task in the face of obstacles or discouragement.坚持不懈，锲而不舍：在面临阻碍或挫折时，坚持或永久保存一个目标、想法或任务〔affront〕To meet defiantly; confront.勇敢地面对；面临〔biohazard〕The potential danger, risk, or harm from exposure to such an agent or condition.生物危险：来自面临于此类制剂或状态的潜在危险、风险或伤害〔support〕"the policy of Cromwell, who supported the growing power of France against the declining power of Spain" (William E.H. Lecky).Touphold is to maintain or affirm in the face of a challenge or strong opposition: “支持正在强大起来的法国反对正在哀弱下去的西班牙的克伦威尔政策” （威廉·E·H·莱基）。Uphold 指在面临挑战和强烈对抗时的镇定和坚定： 〔confusion〕"To insist . . . that the plight of two, or six, or 52 individuals outweighs policies in which the credibility of the United States and the security of the Middle East are deeply involved, represents the worst kind of moral confusion"(Moorhead Kennedy)“坚持…和美国的信用与中东的安全关联极深的政策竟轻于两个，或六个，或五十二个个人面临的苦难，这都在显示着最恶劣的道德混乱”(穆尔黑德·肯尼迪)〔rock〕Confronted with equally unpleasant alternatives and few or no opportunities to evade or circumvent them.面临同样令人不愉快的几乎没有机会逃避或克服的选择〔parallel〕In its mathematical usageparallel is an absolute term— two lines either do or do not intersect—and as such does not admit of qualification as to degree.Some grammarians have arguedthat this restriction should apply as well to nontechnical uses of the word.According to this logic,one may not sayThe two roads have been made more parallel, except perhaps as a loose way of saying what is rendered more precisely by expressions such asmore nearly parallel. Like the analogous objection that has been made to the comparison ofequal, the point betrays a misconception about the relation between mathematical concepts and their ordinary-language equivalents.Applied to objects in the world,parallel can only denote a rough approximation to a geometric ideal. A pair of rails or parked cars cannot be truly parallel in the mathematician's sense of the termbut only more or less so,just as a road or shelf cannot be truly straight in the geometric sensebut nonetheless may be described as very straight or relatively straight.The grammarians' compunctions make even less sense when applied to metaphorical uses ofparallel, as inThe difficulties faced by the Republicans are quite parallel to those that confronted the Democrats four years ago, in which the intended meaning has nothing to do with the possibility of intersectionbut instead suggests the structural correspondence of two distinct situations.In this sense, parallelism is clearly a matter of degreeand the wordparallel can be modified accordingly. See Usage Note at equal ,perfect ,unique 在数学用法中，parallel 是一个绝对的表达法—— 两条线要么相交，要么就不相交——它既没有限定性也没有程度差别。一些语法学家曾提出，这种限制也应该适用于该词在非科技方面的用法，按照这种逻辑，人们不能说这两条路已被修得更加平行了， 除非作为用例如更接近于平行 这样的表达方法更精确地表示的东西的不够精确的说出方法。 象对equal 的比较所做的类似反对一样， 这个观点使数学概念与普通用语中等价词之间的关系引起误解。当运用到世间的实物时，parellel 仅能指与几何理想状态大致接近的状况。 一对铁轨或停放的车辆不可能按数学家对于这个术语的理解来真正地相互并行，而不过是大致平行而已，正如公路和架子不可能是真正几何意义上的笔直，但仍可被描绘成很直的或相对而言的笔直。在用到parallel 的比喻用法时，语法学家的不安就更显得意义不大了， 例如：共和党人所面临的重重困难与四年前民主党人遇到的困难十分相似， 在这句话中，该词的引申意义与相交的可能性毫无关系，然而它暗指了两种不同情况结构上的一致。在此意义上，相似性明显是程度的问题，相应地，parallel 一词也能被其它词限定修饰了。 参见 equal,perfect,unique〔cop〕"Faced with the world recession of the early 1980s, the World Bank became a stern economic taskmaster and cop"(Richard J. Barnet)"面临20世纪80年代的世界经济不景气，世界银行成为严格的监工与管理者"(理查德德·J·巴内)〔face〕To be certain to encounter; have in store:面临：必定遭到；面临的：〔importance〕Heads of state are confronted with making decisions of great moment.国家元首们面临作出具有重大意义的决定。〔conserve〕calls to conserve our national heritage in the face of bewildering change.呼吁大家在面临令人手足无措的改变时，要保护我们的民族遗产〔Toyama〕A city of west-central Honshu, Japan, onToyama Bay, an inlet of the Sea of Japan. Toyama is noted for its patent medicine industry. Population, 314,111. 富山：日本本州岛中西部一城市，面临日本海的海湾富山湾 。富山因其新奇的药品工业而闻名，人口314,111 〔face〕An unskilled youth faces a difficult life.一个不成熟的青年，面临着生活的困境〔appendicitis〕Even though the wordappendicitis was in use in 1885, the year in which theOxford English Dictionary published the section "Anta-Battening" that would have contained the word, the editor, James Murray, omitted this "crack-jaw medical and surgical word" on the advice of Oxford's Regius Professor of Medicine, Sir Henry Wentworth Acland.As K.M. Elisabeth Murray, the granddaughter and biographer of James Murray, points out,"The problem of what scientific words to include was a continuing one, and James Murray was always under pressure—from his advisers . . . who thought the emphasis should be on words from good literature and from those in the [Oxford University] Press who wanted to save cost and time—not to include scientific words of recent origin.”In 1902 no less a person than Edward VII had his appendix removed,and his coronation was postponed because of the operation.Appendicitis hence came into widespread use and has remained so, thereby pointing up the lexicographer's difficult task of selecting the new words that people will look for in their dictionaries.尽管appendicitis 这个词于1885年就已使用， 在这一年出版的牛津英语词典 的“安塔族-增长论”这一分册应包括有这个词， 但在牛津皇家医学院教授亨利·温特华斯·阿克兰的建议下，主编詹姆斯·莫雷删掉了这个“拗口的医学和外科用词”。正如詹姆斯·莫雷的孙女和传记作者K·M·伊莉莎白·莫雷指出的那样， “应包括什么科学用语是一个长期以来的问题，詹姆斯·莫雷经常遇到来自他的顾问的压力…他们认为重点应放到从好文学作品中收来的词汇上，还受到来自出版社的压力，他们为了节约成本和时间而不愿收录新近的科学词汇”。1902年恰恰正是爱德华七世割除了阑尾，他的加冕典礼也因为这次手术而延迟。Appendicitis 一词因此得到了普遍的使用并保持至今， 这也表明了词典编纂者在选择人们要查找的新单词时所面临的艰难任务〔Johnson〕The 36th President of the United States (1963-1969), who succeeded to the office after John F. Kennedy was assassinated. He won the 1964 election but faced increasing criticism over the mounting U.S. involvement in Vietnam and did not stand for reelection in 1968.约翰逊，林顿·贝恩斯：(1908-1973) 美国第36任总统(1963-1969年），在约翰·F·肯尼迪遇刺后上台继任。他在1964年大选中获胜，但因美国对越南的干涉日益增加而面临越来越多的舆论批评，在1968年没有再度参加竞选〔come〕To confront squarely and attempt to deal decisively with:使直接面临并打算断然处理：〔stare〕To be imminent or unavoidable:面临：紧急的或不可避免的：〔minimal〕Under the strict interpretation ofminimal, this sentence should mean only "Alcohol has an unpleasant effect when I have eaten nothing.”If the looser interpretation is allowed, however,the sentence can also mean “ . . . when I have eaten a bit.”Presented with the sentence, 29 percent of the Usage Panel said that it could have only the "eaten nothing" (that is, the strict) interpretation;34 percent said that it could have only the "eaten a bit" (that is, the looser) interpretation;and 37 percent said that it could have either meaning.Thus the looser sense ofminimal is accepted by 71 percent of the Panel and must be considered acceptable in nontechnical use. · In an analogous shift,the verbminimize is often used to mean "to reduce,” an extension of its strict etymological sense of "to reduce to the smallest possible level.”This looser usage is the result of the imprecision that usually attaches to the use of the verb in most nontechnical contexts.When a manager announces thatThe company wants to minimize the risk of accidents to line workers, we naturally interpret the manager as meaning that the risk is to be reduced to the smallest level consistent with considerations of efficiency and cost,not that risks are to be reduced to the lowest level logically possible.Even when used with allowable imprecision, however, the verbminimize should carry some implication that the relevant quantity is reduced as much as could reasonably be expected in the circumstances.Thusminimize retains at least an approximately superlative sense and so is inconsistent with modification by adverbs such asgreatly or considerably, which imply that the verb is being used as a simple synonym forlessen or reduce. 若句中的minimal 的意思比较严格， 那么这一句就只能理解为“当我什么没吃时喝酒会搞得我很难受。”但是如果比较宽泛的词义得到承认，那么这一句同时也有“…当我吃过一点东西时”这层意思。百分之二十九的用法专题使用小组成员认为这一词只能当“什么都不吃”（即严格意义上的词义）来讲；百分之三十四的成员说它只有“吃过一点”（即宽泛一些的）词义；百分之三十七的成员说两种含义都可适用。所以minimal 宽泛的含义被用法专题使用小组的百分之七十一的成员接受。 与其相类似的是，动词minimize 经常被用来指“减少”， 是其“减少到最可能小的水平”的严格意义上的延伸。这一较宽泛的含义是非技术性文章使用这一动词的不精确性而带来的结果。当一个经理宣称公司试图将生产线上工人面临出事故的风险降至最低， 我们自然会认为经理的意思是工厂的事故风险将被降至一个同时又考虑效率和成本的最小程度，而不是逻辑上可以达到的最低程度。即使在可以允许不精确的程度内使用时，动词mininize 也应有一层隐含的意思， 即其相对数量已被减少到了情况所期望的合理的程度。这样，minimize 至少仍然保留着一种大致为最高级的意思， 因而它与这些副词如greatly 或 considerably 不能搭配使用， 因为这些副词暗示着这一动词被当成了lessen 或 reduce 简单同义词而使用 〔enormity〕the world really become aware of the enormity of Pol Pot's oppression. Fifty-nine percent of the Usage Panel rejects the use ofenormity in the more general sense in the sentenceAt that point the engineers sat down to design an entirely new viaduct, apparently undaunted by the enormity of their task. This distinction betweenenormity and enormousness has not always existed historically, but nowadays many observe it.Writers who ignore it in phrases such asthe enormity of the President's election victory or the enormity of her inheritance may find their words an unintended source of amusement.整个世界也才注意到波尔布特高压政策的穷凶极恶。 用法使用小组的59％成员都反对在如下句子里将enormity 该词用于更广泛的意义， 如在句子当坐下来开始设计一座全新的高架桥时，很明显地工程师们对他们所面临的艰巨工作无所畏惧 中。 这种enomity 和 enormousness 间的差异并不总是在历史上存在， 但现在很多人都观察到了这一点。那些在例如总统竞选的巨大胜利 或 她的巨额遗产 这些短语中忽略了该差异的作者们， 很可能会发现他们的词语无意中变成逗乐趣事的来源〔expose〕an officer who exposed the troops to enemy crossfire.使军队面临敌人火力交叉的军官〔origin〕"Most of the problems a President has to face have their roots in the past" (Harry S Truman).“一位总统不得不面临的大多数问题都是有前因的” （哈利·S·杜鲁门）。 |
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