| 单词 | 韦伯斯特 |
| 释义 | 〔Webster〕American lexicographer whoseSpelling Book (1783) helped standardize American spelling. His major work, An American Dictionary of the English Language, was originally published in 1828. 韦伯斯特，挪亚：(1758-1843) 美国词典编撰者，他的《美国拼音课本》 有助于美式拼写标准化。他的主要作品 《美式英语大词典》 最早出版于1828年 〔Hardwicke〕British actor who appeared in a number of plays, includingBack to Methuselah (1924) and Promise (1936), and in numerous motion pictures. 哈德威克，赛德利克·韦伯斯特：(1893-1964) 英国演员，出演多部戏剧，包括《回到玛士撒拉》 （1924年）和 《诺言》 （1936年），并出演多部电影 〔Webster〕English playwright whose works includeThe White Devil (published 1612) and The Duchess of Malfi (c. 1613). 韦伯斯特，约翰：(1580?-1625?) 英国剧作家。他的作品包括《白魔》 （出版于1612年）和 《马尔菲公爵夫人》 （1613年） 〔who〕The traditional rules that determine the use ofwho and whom are relatively simple: who is used for a grammatical subject, where a nominative pronoun such as I or he would be appropriate, andwhom is used elsewhere. Thus, we writeThe actor who played Hamlet was there, sincewho stands for the subject of played Hamlet; andWho do you think is the best candidate? where who stands for the subject of is the best candidate. But we writeTo whom did you give the letter? sincewhom is the object of the preposition to; andThe man whom the papers criticized did not show up, sincewhom is the object of the verb criticized. ? Considerable effort and attention are required to apply the rules correctly in complicated sentences.To produce correctly a sentence such asI met the man whom the government had tried to get France to extradite, we must anticipate when we writewhom that it will function as the object of the verb extradite, several clauses distant from it.It is thus not surprising that writers from Shakespeare onward should often have interchangedwho and whom. And though the distinction shows no signs of disappearing in formal style,strict adherence to the rules in informal discourse might be taken as evidence that the speaker or writer is paying undue attention to the form of what is said, possibly at the expense of its substance.In speech and informal writingwho tends to predominate over whom; a sentence such asWho did John say he was going to support? will be regarded as quite natural, if strictly incorrect. By contrast, the use ofwhom where who would be required, as inWhom shall I say is calling? may be thought to betray a certain linguistic insecurity. ? When the relative pronoun stands for the object of a preposition that ends a sentence,whom is technically the correct form: the strict grammarian will insist onWhom (not who ) did you give it to? But grammarians since Noah Webster have argued that the excessive formality ofwhom in these cases is at odds with the relative informality associated with the practice of placing the preposition in final position and that the use of who in these cases should be regarded as entirely acceptable. ? The relative pronounwho may be used in restrictive relative clauses, in which case it is not preceded by a comma, or in nonrestrictive clauses, in which case a comma is required.Thus, we may say eitherThe scientist who discovers a cure for cancer will be immortalized, where the clausewho discovers a cure for cancer indicates which scientist will be immortalized, orThe mathematician over there, who solved the four-color theorem, is widely known, where the clausewho solved the four-color theorem adds information about a person already identified by the phrase the mathematician over there. ? Some grammarians have argued that onlywho and not that should be used to introduce a restrictive relative clause that identifies a person. This restriction has no basis either in logic or in the usage of the best writers;it is entirely acceptable to write eitherthe man that wanted to talk to you or the man who wanted to talk to you. ? The grammatical rules governing the use ofwho and whom apply equally to whoever and whomever. See Usage Note at else ,that ,whose 确定用法的传统规则who 和 whom 相对简单： who 语法上用作主语，同 I 或 he 等主格代词的位置相同， 而whom 用于别处。 这样，我们写The actor who played Hamlet was there （演哈姆雷特的演员在那边）， 因此who 代表的是 played Hamlet 的主语。 在句子Who do you think is the best candidate? （你认为谁是最好的候选人?）中 who 代表 is the best candidate 的主语。 但是我们说To whom did you give the letter? （你把信给谁了?）， 因为whom 是介词 to 的宾语； 在句子The man whom the papers criticized did not show up, （报纸上批评的那个人没有来）， 因为whom 是动词 criticized 的宾语 。在复杂的句子里，正确应用这些规则需要相当的努力和注意。正确地造出如I met the man whom the government had tried to get France to extradite （我遇到了政府曾努力让法国引渡的那个人）这样的句子， 在写whom 之前我们必须预知它将作动词 extradite 的宾语， 尽管两个词离得很远。这也就难怪自莎士比亚以来的作家经常把who 和 whom 交换使用了。 尽管在正式文体中两者区别仍然存在，但如果在非正式的交谈中严格地遵守这些规则会被认为说话者或作者可能不顾内容而过分注视说话的形式。在口语和非正式书面语中，who 趋向于代替 whom; 人们会认为象Who did John say he was going to support? （约翰说他将支持谁?）这样句子很自然，尽管严格来说它是不正确的。 相反，在应该用who 的地方用 whom 则显出一种语言上的不稳定， 如Whom shall I say is calling? （我说是谁在打电话?）。 当关系代词替代句尾的介词宾语时，whom 在理论上是正确的形势： 严格的语法坚持Whom （而不是 who ) did you give it to?（你把它给谁了？） 但从诺·韦伯斯特以来的语法学家认为whom 在这种情况下过分正式，而把介词放在句尾相对来说又不正式，这就有了矛盾，所以在这种情况下用 who 完全可以接受。 关系代词who 可以用在限定关系从句中，前面不要加逗号， 也可用在非限定关系从句中，则需要加逗号。所以我们既可以说The scientist who discovers a cure for cancer will be immortalized （发现治愈癌症的方法的科学家将会因此而不朽）， 在此处从句who discovers a cure for cancer 指这样的科学家将会不朽， 也可以说The mathematician over there, who solved the four-color theorem, is widely known （在那边的数学家非常出名，他解决了四色定理）， 从句who solved the four-color theorem 给已经由短语 the mathematician over there 确定了的人增加了一些有关他的信息。 有些语法学家认为只有who 而不是 that 可以连接表示人的限定性关系从句。 这种限制在逻辑上没有根据，在最优秀作家的用法中也未有根据；无论说the man that wanted to talk to you （想要跟你说话的那个人）或 the man who wanted to talk to you 都是完全可以接受的。 有关who 和 whom 的语法规则同样适用于 whoever 和 whomever 参见 else,that,whose〔Hayne〕American politician. A U.S. senator from South Carolina (1823-1832), he engaged Daniel Webster in a famous debate on the conflict between federal power and states' rights (1830).海恩，罗伯特·扬：(1791-1839) 来自美国南卡罗来纳州的美国政治家，曾任美国参议员（1823-1832年），他曾就联邦权力和州权力之间的冲突与丹尼尔·韦伯斯特进行了一场著名的辩论（1830年）〔adherence〕"Adherence to the rule of law . . . is a very important principle"(William H. Webster)“遵守法律…是一条非常重要的原则”(威廉H.韦伯斯特)〔Worcester〕American lexicographer. The publication of hisComprehensive Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary of the English Language (1830) brought charges of plagiarism from Noah Webster and started the battle known as the "Dictionary War.” 伍斯特，约瑟夫·埃默森：(1784-1865) 美国辞典编纂家。他的《英语综合注音释义辞典》 （1830年）的出版，导致诺厄·韦伯斯特对他抄袭的控告，并开始了众所周知的“字典大战” 〔Neilson〕British-born American scholar and lexicographer noted for his editions of Shakespeare (1906 and 1942) and as the editor in chief ofWebster's Second International Dictionary (1934). 尼尔森，威廉·阿伦：(1869-1946) 英国裔的美国学者和词典编纂者，以编辑《莎士比亚》(1906和1942年）和担任《韦伯斯特第二国际词典》 的编辑(1934年）而闻名 〔Ford〕English playwright whose works include'Tis Pity She's a Whore (1633) and collaborative efforts, notably with Thomas Dekker and John Webster. 福特，约翰：(1586-1639) 英国剧作家，作品包括《可惜她是妓女》 （1633年）和与他人的合著，其中尤以与托马斯·德克尔及约翰·韦伯斯特的合作而闻名 〔Curtis〕American lawyer and biographer who defended Dred Scott before the U.S. Supreme Court (1857) and wrote biographies of James Buchanan (1833) and Daniel Webster (1870).柯蒂斯，乔治·蒂克纳：(1812-1894) 美国律师和传记作家，1857年他在美国最高法院为德雷德·斯图尔特辩护，并写了关于詹姆士·布坎南（1833年）和丹尼尔·韦伯斯特（1870年）的传记〔milquetoast〕After Caspar Milquetoast , a comic-strip character created by Harold Tucker Webster (1885-1952) 源自卡斯珀 Milquetoast ，哈乐德·塔科·韦伯斯特（1885-1952年）所创作的漫画人物 〔Harding〕American portrait painter whose subjects included Daniel Webster, Daniel Boone, and John C. Calhoun.哈丁，切斯特：(1792-1866) 美国肖像画家，他曾为包括丹尼尔·韦伯斯特、丹尼尔·布恩和约翰·Ｃ·卡尔宏在内的人画像〔milquetoast〕An indication of the effect on the English language of popular culture such as that found in comic strips is the adoption of names from the strips as English words.Casper Milquetoast, created by Harold Webster in 1924, was a timid and retiring man,whose name was, of course, created from the name of a timid food.The first instance ofmilquetoast as a common noun is found in the mid-1930's. Milquetoast thus joins the ranks of other such words, includingsad sack, from a blundering army private invented by George Baker in 1942,andWimpy, from J. Wellington Wimpy in the Popeye comic strip, which became a trade name for a hamburger.If we look to the related world of the animated cartoon,we must of course acknowledgeMickey Mouse, which has become a slang term for something that is easy, insignificant, small-time, worthless, or petty. 如果我们要在戏剧漫画中找到流行文化对英语语言的影响，那么漫画中的人物的名字被接受为英语单词可以算是例证了，1924年赫拉德·韦伯斯特所创造的卡斯珀·米尔克吐斯特是一个胆小如鼠的人，他的名字当然是从一种非常柔软的食品而得来。Milquetoast 作为一个普通名词的第一例子于20世纪30年代中期被发现。 这样milquetoast 就加入了一类词， 这类词包括sad sack ， 一个由乔治·贝克于1942年发明指代愚蠢的陆军士兵的词汇，和Wimpy ，一个从滑稽漫画 突眼 中的丁·惠灵顿·温皮而得来的词， 它现在已成为汉堡包的商标。如果我们再看看相关的动画世界，我们当然得承认米奇老鼠 现在已成为指代容易的、不重要的、没有价值的或琐碎的东西的一个俚语词 〔Webster〕American politician. A U.S. representative from New Hampshire (1813-1817) and later a representative (1823-1827) and senator (1827-1841 and 1845-1850) from Massachusetts, he was a noted orator who espoused preservation of the Union. He twice served as secretary of state (1841-1843 and 1850-1852).韦伯斯特，丹尼尔：(1782-1852) 美国政治家。曾任美国新罕布什尔州的众议员(1813-1817年），后任马萨诸塞州的众议员(1823-1827年）和参议员(1827-1841和1845-1850年）。他是著名的演讲家，曾支持保存联邦政府。他两度出任国务卿(1841-1843和1850-1852年）〔Marshfield〕A town of southeast Massachusetts on Massachusetts Bay southeast of Boston. The burial place of Daniel Webster, it is now a resort community. Population, 21,531.马什菲尔德：美国马萨诸塞州东南部的一个城镇，位于波士顿东南的马萨诸塞湾。该镇是丹尼尔·韦伯斯特的埋葬地，现在是一个度假社区。人口21,531〔disgrace〕"only the deep sense of some deathless shame" (John Webster).“只深深地感到某种永远存在的耻辱” （约翰·韦伯斯特）。 |
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