| 单词 | 顾问 |
| 释义 | 〔Merlin〕In Arthurian legend, a magician and prophet who served as counselor to King Arthur.梅林：亚瑟王传说中亚瑟王的顾问，是一个魔术师和预言家〔appendicitis〕Even though the wordappendicitis was in use in 1885, the year in which theOxford English Dictionary published the section "Anta-Battening" that would have contained the word, the editor, James Murray, omitted this "crack-jaw medical and surgical word" on the advice of Oxford's Regius Professor of Medicine, Sir Henry Wentworth Acland.As K.M. Elisabeth Murray, the granddaughter and biographer of James Murray, points out,"The problem of what scientific words to include was a continuing one, and James Murray was always under pressure—from his advisers . . . who thought the emphasis should be on words from good literature and from those in the [Oxford University] Press who wanted to save cost and time—not to include scientific words of recent origin.”In 1902 no less a person than Edward VII had his appendix removed,and his coronation was postponed because of the operation.Appendicitis hence came into widespread use and has remained so, thereby pointing up the lexicographer's difficult task of selecting the new words that people will look for in their dictionaries.尽管appendicitis 这个词于1885年就已使用， 在这一年出版的牛津英语词典 的“安塔族-增长论”这一分册应包括有这个词， 但在牛津皇家医学院教授亨利·温特华斯·阿克兰的建议下，主编詹姆斯·莫雷删掉了这个“拗口的医学和外科用词”。正如詹姆斯·莫雷的孙女和传记作者K·M·伊莉莎白·莫雷指出的那样， “应包括什么科学用语是一个长期以来的问题，詹姆斯·莫雷经常遇到来自他的顾问的压力…他们认为重点应放到从好文学作品中收来的词汇上，还受到来自出版社的压力，他们为了节约成本和时间而不愿收录新近的科学词汇”。1902年恰恰正是爱德华七世割除了阑尾，他的加冕典礼也因为这次手术而延迟。Appendicitis 一词因此得到了普遍的使用并保持至今， 这也表明了词典编纂者在选择人们要查找的新单词时所面临的艰难任务〔relieve〕"The counselor relieved her fears" (Sir Walter Scott).“顾问消除了她的恐惧” （瓦尔特·施科特爵士）。〔Sejanus〕Roman courtier who wielded great political power as an adviser to Tiberius.塞扬努斯，卢西乌斯·埃尔留斯：(卒于 31) 罗马朝臣，作为提比略的顾问而掌有极大的政权〔Kissinger〕German-born American diplomat who was national security adviser (1969-1975) and U.S. secretary of state (1973-1977) under Presidents Nixon and Ford. He shared the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for helping negotiate the Vietnam cease-fire.基辛格，亨利·阿尔弗烈德：(生于 1923) 德国裔美国外交家，曾在尼克松总统和福特总统手下任国家安全事务顾问（1969-1975年）和美国国务卿（1973-1977年）。他因促进越南停战谈判而获1973年诺贝尔和平奖〔mentor〕To serve as a trusted counselor or teacher, especially in occupational settings.指导者：作为忠实的顾问或良师，尤指在职业环境中〔goombah〕A companion or an associate, especially an older friend who acts as a patron, a protector, or an adviser.同伴或同事：同伴或同事，特指以赞助人，保护人或顾问身份出现的年长的朋友〔consort〕governed in consort with her advisers.与她的顾问们协力统治〔witenagemot〕An Anglo-Saxon advisory council to the king, composed of about 100 nobles, prelates, and other officials, convened at intervals to discuss administrative and judicial affairs.盎格鲁-撒克逊时代的国会：一种盎格鲁-撒克逊时代国王的顾问委员会，大约由100个贵族、高级教士和其它官员组成，间歇性地开会讨论行政和司法事务〔Burns〕Austrian-born American economist and influential adviser to several presidential administrations.伯恩斯，阿瑟·弗兰克：(生于 1904) 奥地利裔美国经济学家和几任总统内阁的有影响力的顾问〔Theodora〕Byzantine empress (525-548) as the wife and adviser of Justinian I.西奥多拉：拜占廷女皇(525-548年），是朱斯蒂尼一世的妻子和顾问〔Colbert〕French politician who served as an adviser to Louis XIV. Colbert reformed taxes, centralized the administration, and improved roads and canals in an effort to encourage trade.考伯特，简·巴蒂斯特：(1619-1683) 法国政治家，曾做路易十四的顾问。柯尔贝尔改革税制，统一行政权并致力于修建道路、运河以鼓励贸易〔stylist〕A designer of or consultant on styles in decorating, dress, or beauty.设计家：装饰、服饰或美容方面的设计家或顾问〔consultor〕An adviser to a congregation of the Curia.教廷顾问：罗马教廷红衣主教委员会的顾问〔adviser〕One that advises, such as a person or firm that offers official or professional advice to clients.顾问：提供建议者，例如向客户提供官方或专业方面建议的人或商社〔consigliere〕An adviser or counselor, especially to a capo or leader of an organized crime syndicate.顾问：建议者或顾问，尤指一个有组织的犯罪集团头目或领袖〔resident〕A colonial official acting as adviser to the ruler of a protected state, often having quasi-gubernatorial powers.殖民地官员：作为被保护国的统治者的顾问的殖民地官员，通常具有类似州长的权力〔Nestor〕A hero celebrated as an elderly and wise counselor to the Greeks at Troy.涅斯托尔：特洛伊的一位英雄，对希腊人来说是位著名的年高足智的顾问〔mandarin〕from Sanskrit mantrī mantrin- [counselor] 源自 梵文 mantrī mantrin- [顾问] 〔mentor〕The wordmentor is an example of the way in which the great works of literature live on without our knowing it. The word has recently gained currency in the professional world,where it is thought to be a good idea to have a mentor, a wise and trusted counselor, guiding one's career, preferably in the upper reaches of the organization.We owe this word to the more heroic age of Homer,in whoseOdyssey Mentor is the trusted friend of Odysseus left in charge of the household during Odysseus's absence. More important for our usage of the wordmentor, Athena disguised as Mentor guides Odysseus's son Telemachus in his search for his father.Fénelon in his romanceTélémaque (1699) emphasized Mentor as a character, and so it was that in French (1749) and English (1750)mentor, going back through Latin to a Greek name, became a common noun meaning "wise counselor,” first recorded in 1750.Mentor is an appropriate name for such a person because it probably meant "adviser" in Greekand comes from the Indo-European rootmen- 1, meaning "to think.”词语mentor 使我们看到了伟大的文学作品是如何在我们毫无察觉的情况下而经久而不衰的。 这个词最近开始在职业界通用起来，在职业界中，能有一个“良师”， 一个忠实而又聪明的顾问来指导你的职业生涯，尤其是你的提升，真不失为一个好办法。这个词来源于荷马英雄时代，在荷马史诗Odyssey 中，孟托是奥德赛的忠实朋友，奥德赛出征时将其留下以掌管家事。 对于我们今天mentor 这个词的用法更为重要的一个事实是， 雅典娜将自己装扮成孟托而引导奥德赛之子忒勒马科斯去寻找他的父亲。费奈隆在他的传奇故事泰雷马克历险记 （1699年）中强调了孟托这一人物， 正因为如此，这一从一个希腊人名经拉丁文演化而来的词mentor 在法语(1749年）和英语(1750年）中成了一个意为“贤明的顾问”的普通名词， 并在1750年被首次记载。Mentor 对于一个贤明的顾问是个合适的名称， 因为它在希腊语中可能有“顾问”之意，而且源自印欧语词根men- 1， 又有“思考”之意〔Stimson〕American public official who served as U.S. secretary of state (1929-1933) and secretary of war (1940-1945) during World War II. He was the chief adviser on atomic weaponry to Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S Truman.史汀生，亨利·刘易斯：(1867-1950) 美国公共官员，曾任国务卿(1929-1933年），二次世界大战期间任陆军部长(1940-1945年），他是富兰克林·D·罗斯福和哈里·S·杜鲁门总统的主要原子武器顾问〔unofficial〕an unofficial adviser.一名非官方顾问〔Schlesinger〕American historian whose works includeThe Rise of the City (1933). His son Arthur Meier, Jr. (born 1917), also a historian, was an adviser to President John F. Kennedy, whose administration is chronicled in A Thousand Days (1965). 史勒辛格，阿瑟·梅尔：(1888-1965) 美国历史学家，其作品包括《城市的兴起》 （1933年）。他的儿子 小亚瑟·迈尔 （生于1917年），也是一位历史学家，曾为约翰·肯尼迪的顾问，并把其任期按时间顺序编为 《一千个日子》 （1965年） 〔Egeria〕After Egeria , Roman nymph or goddess and adviser to Numa Pompilius, a legendary Roman king 源自 Egeria ，罗马女神或美女和努玛·鲍姆皮列斯的顾问，传奇中的罗马国王 〔easygoing〕an easygoing life as a part-time consultant.过着安逸日子兼职顾问〔consultant〕One that gives expert or professional advice.顾问：提供专家意见或专业意见的人〔counselor〕A person who gives counsel; an adviser.顾问：提建议者；劝告者〔mentor〕To serve as a trusted counselor or teacher to (another person).导师：作为（另一个人）的忠实顾问或良师〔infer〕we inferred that she had been consulting with some new financial advisers,since her old advisers were in favor of tax reductions. 我们推断她同几个新的金融顾问们商量过，因为她的那些顾问们支持减税。 〔hopefully〕And though this use ofhopefully may have been a vogue word when it first gained currency 30 years ago, it has long since lost any taint of jargon or pretentiousness for the general reader.The well-attested acceptance of the usage reflects an implicit popular recognition of its usefulness;there is no precise substitute.Someone who saysHopefully, the treaty will be ratified makes a hopeful prediction about the fate of the treaty,whereas someone who saysI hope (or We hope or It is hoped ) the treaty will be ratified expresses a bald statement about what is desired. Only the latter could be continued with a clause such asbut it isn't likely. · It might have been expected, then, that the initial flurry of objections tohopefully would have subsided once the usage became well established. Instead, increased currency of the usage appears only to have made the critics more adamant.In the 1969 Usage Panel survey the usage was acceptable to 44 percent of the Panel;in the most recent survey it was acceptable to only 27 percent.(By contrast, 60 percent accepted the analogous use ofmercifully in the sentence Mercifully, the game ended before the opponents could add another touchdown to the lopsided score. ) Yet the Panel has not shown any signs of becoming generally more conservative:in the very same survey panelists were disposed to accept once-vilified usagessuch as the employment ofcontact and host as verbs. · It seems that this use ofhopefully has been made a litmus test, which distinguishes writers who take an active interest in questions of grammar or usage from the great mass of people who keep their own linguistic counsel.No one can be blamed who useshopefully in blithe ignorance of the critics' disdain for it, since the rule could not be derived from any general concern for clarity or precision.But writers who are aware of the critical controversy face a more delicate decision.Some will simply flout the rule,seeing no reason that they should be deprived of a useful construction.Others may choose to avoid the usage,whether they are motivated by discretion or civility. ·Like other sentence adverbs such asbluntly and happily, hopefully may occasionally be ambiguous. In the sentenceHopefully, the company has launched a new venture, the word hopefully might be construed as describing the point of view of either the speaker or the subject. Such ambiguities can be resolved either by repositioning the adverb (as inThe company has launched the new venture hopefully ) or by choosing a paraphrase ( One may hope that the company has launched the new venture ). 尽管hopefully 的这一用法在30年前首次通用的时候曾是个时兴词， 但对于广大读者来说它早已失去了俚语或矫饰的色彩。屡经证实的对这一用法的接受反映了对其实用性的普遍默认；而且并不存在其他精确的代用词。有人如果说但愿条约能被批准 ， 便是对条约的命运作了充满希望的预测，反之如果有人说我希望 （或 我们希望 或 希望 ) 条约将会被批准 则表达了对其期望之物的大胆声明。 只有后者可以接从句象但这不大可能 。 也许我们本可以期待当这一用法已变得根深蒂固之后， 对hopefully 的一片反对声可稍事平息。 然而，这一用法的流行似乎反而使批评家们更为坚定。在1969年用法调查使用小组的调查中44%的成员接受这一用法；在最近一次的调查中却只有27%的成员接受。（相比之下，60%的人接受mercifully 在句子 幸好，在对手能够给这一边倒的比分再加上一分之前，比赛就结束了 中的类似用法） 但是并没有任何迹象表明调查小组成员正在普遍变得更保守：在同一次调查中小组成员们倾向于接受被一度废除的某些用法，如把contact 和 host 用作动词看来。 似乎hopefully 的用法已经成了一块试金石， 它把对语法和用法怀有浓厚兴趣的作家和保留着他们自己的语言学顾问的广大民众区分开来。那些全然忽视批评家们的蔑视使用hopefully 的人不该受到指责， 因为规则并不来源于任何对清晰和精确的关注。但是意识到了批评界争议的作者们面对着一个更为微妙的决定。有些人干脆违反规则，他们认为没有理由要失去这么一个实用的结构。另外一些人则选择避免这一用法，无论其动机是出于谨慎还是出于礼貌。象许多其它句中副词如bluntly 和 happily一样，hopefully 经常出现歧义。 在下句 Hopefully, the company has launched a new venture 中， hopefully 一词可以解释为记述说话者的观点或者句中主语的观点。 这种歧义可以通过调换副词位置（如公司已经满怀希望地到办了一个新企业 )或选择另一种说法( 有人希望这个公司已经创办了一个新企业 )来消除 〔consultancy〕A business or agency offering expert or professional advice in a field:顾问服务公司：提供某一领域的专家或专业意见的公司或机构：〔genro〕Any of a group of elder male politicians of Japan who were formerly advisers to the emperor.元老：日本的一群年长男政治家中的一员，从前是皇帝的顾问〔bring〕The President will take several advisers with him when he goes to Moscow. 总统去莫斯科时要带走几个顾问。 〔mentor〕A wise and trusted counselor or teacher.贤明和忠实的顾问或良师〔Lanfranc〕Italian-born English prelate and political adviser who was archbishop of Canterbury (1070-1089) and a counselor of William the Conqueror.兰弗朗克：意大利裔英国高级教士和政治顾问，他曾在1070-1089年间担任坎特伯雷大主教和征服者威廉的顾问〔Brooke〕British field marshal. During World War II he was Winston Churchill's principal strategic adviser.布鲁克，阿朗·弗兰西斯：(1883-1963) 英国陆军元帅。第二次世界大战期间任温斯顿·邱吉尔的首要战略顾问〔cabinet〕Often Cabinet A body of persons appointed by a head of state or a prime minister to head the executive departments of the government and to act as official advisers. 常作 Cabinet 内阁：受国家首脑或总理任命而领导政府执行部门并作为官方顾问的一个班底〔camarilla〕A group of confidential, often scheming advisers; a cabal.参谋团：一群秘密的、常有所筹划的顾问者；秘密结社〔councilor〕A member of a council, as one convened to advise a governor.See Usage Note at council 顾问，评议员：委员会成员，例如召集来做州长参谋的人 参见 council〔Lamb〕British prime minister (1834 and 1835-1841) and adviser to Queen Victoria.兰姆，威廉：(1779-1848) 英国首相（1834年和1835年-1841年）和维多利亚女王的顾问 |
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