| 单词 | 预测 |
| 释义 | 〔take〕To make an estimate or appraisal, as of resources or of oneself.（比如，对资源或自己）进行一次预测或评估〔foretell〕prophesying a stock-market boom;预测股票市场暴涨；〔upbeat〕an upbeat business forecast.一份乐观的商业预测〔category〕from katēgorein [to accuse, predicate] 源自 katēgorein [控告，预测] 〔stage〕too early to predict a winner at this stage.目前还过于太早预测胜负〔catastrophism〕The prediction or expectation of cataclysmic upheaval, as in political or social developments.巨变的预测：如在政治或社会发展中对剧烈变动的预测或预期〔theory〕Systematically organized knowledge applicable in a relatively wide variety of circumstances, especially a system of assumptions, accepted principles, and rules of procedure devised to analyze, predict, or otherwise explain the nature or behavior of a specified set of phenomena.理论：可用于相对广泛的情况下的系统组织的知识，尤其指一系列假设，已被接受的定理以及用于分析、预测或解释自然或专门现象行为的程序规则〔bet〕An agreement usually between two parties that the one who has made an incorrect prediction about an uncertain outcome will forfeit something stipulated to the other; a wager.打赌：通常是两方之间的一种协定，对某一结果进行预测，猜错的一方被罚给另一方某约定的东西；赌博〔embarrass〕will be chagrined if his confident prediction fails;如果他的充满信心的预测落空了，会觉得很懊恼的；〔Klein〕American economist. He won a 1980 Nobel Prize for developing models to forecast economic trends.克莱因，劳伦斯·R：(生于 1920) 美国经济学家。他因开发了预测经济发展趋势的模型而获1980年诺贝尔奖〔hopefully〕And though this use ofhopefully may have been a vogue word when it first gained currency 30 years ago, it has long since lost any taint of jargon or pretentiousness for the general reader.The well-attested acceptance of the usage reflects an implicit popular recognition of its usefulness;there is no precise substitute.Someone who saysHopefully, the treaty will be ratified makes a hopeful prediction about the fate of the treaty,whereas someone who saysI hope (or We hope or It is hoped ) the treaty will be ratified expresses a bald statement about what is desired. Only the latter could be continued with a clause such asbut it isn't likely. · It might have been expected, then, that the initial flurry of objections tohopefully would have subsided once the usage became well established. Instead, increased currency of the usage appears only to have made the critics more adamant.In the 1969 Usage Panel survey the usage was acceptable to 44 percent of the Panel;in the most recent survey it was acceptable to only 27 percent.(By contrast, 60 percent accepted the analogous use ofmercifully in the sentence Mercifully, the game ended before the opponents could add another touchdown to the lopsided score. ) Yet the Panel has not shown any signs of becoming generally more conservative:in the very same survey panelists were disposed to accept once-vilified usagessuch as the employment ofcontact and host as verbs. · It seems that this use ofhopefully has been made a litmus test, which distinguishes writers who take an active interest in questions of grammar or usage from the great mass of people who keep their own linguistic counsel.No one can be blamed who useshopefully in blithe ignorance of the critics' disdain for it, since the rule could not be derived from any general concern for clarity or precision.But writers who are aware of the critical controversy face a more delicate decision.Some will simply flout the rule,seeing no reason that they should be deprived of a useful construction.Others may choose to avoid the usage,whether they are motivated by discretion or civility. ·Like other sentence adverbs such asbluntly and happily, hopefully may occasionally be ambiguous. In the sentenceHopefully, the company has launched a new venture, the word hopefully might be construed as describing the point of view of either the speaker or the subject. Such ambiguities can be resolved either by repositioning the adverb (as inThe company has launched the new venture hopefully ) or by choosing a paraphrase ( One may hope that the company has launched the new venture ). 尽管hopefully 的这一用法在30年前首次通用的时候曾是个时兴词， 但对于广大读者来说它早已失去了俚语或矫饰的色彩。屡经证实的对这一用法的接受反映了对其实用性的普遍默认；而且并不存在其他精确的代用词。有人如果说但愿条约能被批准 ， 便是对条约的命运作了充满希望的预测，反之如果有人说我希望 （或 我们希望 或 希望 ) 条约将会被批准 则表达了对其期望之物的大胆声明。 只有后者可以接从句象但这不大可能 。 也许我们本可以期待当这一用法已变得根深蒂固之后， 对hopefully 的一片反对声可稍事平息。 然而，这一用法的流行似乎反而使批评家们更为坚定。在1969年用法调查使用小组的调查中44%的成员接受这一用法；在最近一次的调查中却只有27%的成员接受。（相比之下，60%的人接受mercifully 在句子 幸好，在对手能够给这一边倒的比分再加上一分之前，比赛就结束了 中的类似用法） 但是并没有任何迹象表明调查小组成员正在普遍变得更保守：在同一次调查中小组成员们倾向于接受被一度废除的某些用法，如把contact 和 host 用作动词看来。 似乎hopefully 的用法已经成了一块试金石， 它把对语法和用法怀有浓厚兴趣的作家和保留着他们自己的语言学顾问的广大民众区分开来。那些全然忽视批评家们的蔑视使用hopefully 的人不该受到指责， 因为规则并不来源于任何对清晰和精确的关注。但是意识到了批评界争议的作者们面对着一个更为微妙的决定。有些人干脆违反规则，他们认为没有理由要失去这么一个实用的结构。另外一些人则选择避免这一用法，无论其动机是出于谨慎还是出于礼貌。象许多其它句中副词如bluntly 和 happily一样，hopefully 经常出现歧义。 在下句 Hopefully, the company has launched a new venture 中， hopefully 一词可以解释为记述说话者的观点或者句中主语的观点。 这种歧义可以通过调换副词位置（如公司已经满怀希望地到办了一个新企业 )或选择另一种说法( 有人希望这个公司已经创办了一个新企业 )来消除 〔forecast〕To calculate or estimate something in advance; predict the future.预测：提前估算或预测某事；预测未来〔quirk〕An unpredictable or unaccountable act or event; a vagary:突发事件：一种无法预测或描述的行为或事件；怪异的行为：〔fortune〕A foretelling of one's destiny.算命：预测人的命运〔periodic〕Sporadic implies appearance or occurrence in scattered, irregular, unpredictable, or isolated instances: Sporadic 指在杂乱的、不规律的、无法预测的或独立的情况下出现或发生： 〔shall〕The sentenceYou shall have your money expresses a promise ("I will see that you get your money"), whereasYou will have your money makes a simple prediction. · Such, at least, are the traditional rules.But the distinction has never taken firm root outside of what H.W. Fowler described as "the English of the English" (as opposed to that of the Scots and Irish), and even there it has always been subject to variation.Despite the efforts of generations of American schoolteachers, the distinction is largely alien to the modern American idiom.In Americawill is used to express most of the senses reserved for shall in English usage, andshall itself is restricted to first person interrogative proposals, as inShall we go? and to certain fixed expressions, such asWe shall overcome. Shall is also used in formal style to express an explicit obligation,as inApplicants shall provide a proof of residence, though this sense is also expressed bymust or should. In speech the distinction that the English signal by the choice ofshall or will may be rendered by stressing the auxiliary, as in I will leave tomorrow ("I intend to leave"); by choosing another auxiliary, such as must or have to; or by using an adverb such as certainly. · Many earlier American writers observed the traditional distinction betweenshall and will, and some continue to do so.The practice cannot be called incorrect,though it may strike American ears as somewhat mannered.But the distinction is difficult for those who do not come by it natively,and Americans who essay ashall in an unfamiliar context run considerable risk of getting it wrong, and so of being caught out in that most embarrassing of linguistic gaffes, the bungled Anglicism.See Usage Note at should 句子你将得到你的钱 表达了一种承诺（“我将保证你得到你的钱”）， 而你会得到你的钱 仅仅做出了简单预测。 这些至少是传统规则。但是这种用法上的区别仅局限于H·W·福勒所描述的“英格兰人的英语”（与苏格兰人和爱尔兰人的英语相对），即使在英格兰英语中它一直在变化。尽管经过几代美国学校教师的努力，这种区别对现代美国习惯用语仍是相当生疏的。在美国，will 被用来表达在英国用法中大多为 shall 保留的含义， 而shall 则限于第一人称疑问句式的提议， 如在我们该走了吧? 及某些固定表达中， 例如我们会克服的。 Shall 也用在正式文体中表示明确职责，如申请者应提供居留证明 ， 虽然这个意义也可用must 或 should 表达。 在口语中可以通过强调助动词shall 或 will ，如 我 将 于明天离开 （“我打算明天离开”）；或通过选择另一个助动词 must 或 have to ；或通过使用如 certainly 这样的副词来表达英国人用这两个词时的区别。 许多早期的美国作家注意到了shall 和 will 之间的传统区别， 而且一些人仍在继续这样做。这种用法不能被称作不正确，虽然美国人听起来有点矫揉造作的意味。但是这种区别对于那些不能通过母语了解它的人是困难的，而且在一个不熟悉的上下文中，试图用shall 的美国人很有可能犯错误， 因而在许多令人难堪的语言即被搞得一团糟的英式英语中出丑 参见 should〔augur〕To predict, especially from signs or omens; foretell.See Synonyms at foretell 预言：预测，尤指从迹象或预兆中预测；预报 参见 foretell〔figure〕To conclude, believe, or predict:得出结论，相信，预测：〔predict〕To state, tell about, or make known in advance, especially on the basis of special knowledge.预测，预知，预告：预先陈述、告诉或公布，尤指以特殊知识为基础〔Babson〕American financial statistician who in September 1929 forecast a sharp drop in stock prices, thereby correctly predicting the stock market crash of October 1929.巴布森，罗杰·沃德：(1875-1967) 美国金融统计学家，他在1929年9月预测股票将剧烈下跌，从而准确地预言了1929年10月股票市场的崩盘〔neotectonics〕A technique for predicting earthquakes that involves measuring the rate of slippage of landmarks along faults.新地体构造学：以测量断层地标滑动率来预测地震的技术〔read〕To foretell or predict (the future).预测，预言：预测或预知（未来）〔forecast〕A prediction, as of coming events or conditions.预言：如对于将要发生的事件或状况的预测〔magic〕The art that purports to control or forecast natural events, effects, or forces by invoking the supernatural.巫术：通过祁求神灵而达到得以控制或预测自然事件、结果或者力量目的手段〔call〕It is often difficult to call the outcome of an election.See Synonyms at predict 预测选举的结果常常是困难的 参见 predict〔Halley〕English astronomer who applied Newton's laws of motion to predict correctly the period of a comet (1705).哈雷，埃德蒙：(1656-1742) 英国天文学家， 1705年运用牛顿的运动定律准确预测了一颗彗星的出现周期〔psychometry〕The ability or art of divining information about people or events associated with an object solely by touching or being near to it.触物占卜术：通过触摸或靠近一个物体来预测与该物相关联的人或事件的情况的能力或技艺〔Sagan〕American astronomer noted for research on the possibility of extraterrestrial life and for speculation on the severity of a nuclear winter. His books includeDragons of Eden (1977). 萨根，卡尔：(生于 1934) 美国天文学家，以探索地球外生命存在的可能性，和对于核冬天严重性的预测而著名。他的作品包括《伊甸园之龙》 （1977年） 〔projection〕A prediction or an estimate of something in the future, based on present data or trends.预测，估计：基于当前资料或趋势的预言或对将来事物的估计〔nose〕predicted the final score on the nose.精确地预测了最后分数〔crisis〕had failed to predict the health-care exigency;没有预测到健康护理的紧急情况；〔prognostic〕Of, relating to, or useful in prognosis.预测的：预测的，与之有关的或在预测中有用的〔augury〕from augur [augur] * see augur 源自 augur [预测] * 参见 augur〔blue〕From an unexpected or unforeseen source:出乎意料的：来自没有想到或没有预测的：〔call〕To indicate or characterize accurately in advance; predict:预测：预先表明或准确地描述其特性；预测：〔gloomy〕gloomy predictions.See Synonyms at glum 悲观的预测 参见 glum〔happen〕Who can predict the misery that may befall humankind?谁又能够预测可能降临到人类头上的灾难呢？〔equal〕It has been argued thatequal is an absolute term— two quantities either are or are not equal—and hence cannot be qualified as to degree.Therefore one cannot logically speak ofa more equal allocation of resources among the departments. However, this usage was accepted by 71 percent of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey.What is more, objection to the usage betrays a widespread but questionable assumptionthat it is in mathematics and logic that we find the model of accuracy most appropriate to the everyday use of language,a supposition that also underlies traditional grammatical discussions of words such asunique, parallel, and center. According to this account,the "precise" or "literal" meaning ofequal is realized in the use of the equal sign in an arithmetic expression such as 5 + 2 = 7; and the ordinary-language uses of the term,though they may be permissible,represent "loose" or "imprecise" extensions of that sense.But in fact the mathematical concept of equality is a poor model for using the wordequal to describe relations between things in the world. As applied to such things,statements of equality are always relative to an implicit standard of tolerance.When someone saysThe two boards are of equal length, we assume that the equality is reckoned to some order of approximation determined by the context;if we did not,we would be required always to usenearly equal when speaking of the dimensions of physical objects. What is more,we often want to predicate equality of things that do not admit of quantitative measurement,as when we sayThe college draft was introduced in an effort to make the teams in the National Football League as equal as possible, orThe candidates for the job should all be given equal consideration. In all such cases,equality is naturally a gradient notionand so is amenable to modification in degree.This much is evident from the existence of the wordunequal. The prefixun- attaches only to gradient adjectives: we sayunmanly but not unmale; and the worduneven can be applied to a surface (whose evenness may be a matter of degree) but not to a number (whose evenness is an either-or affair). ·The adverbequally is generally regarded as redundant when used in combination with as, and the following examples employingequally as were termed unacceptable by 63 percent of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey: 单词equal 一向被认为是一个很绝对的词语—— 两个数量要么相同要么不同——这样就不能有程度上的差别。所以，如果有人说在各部门间对资源更公平的分配 ，那么就不合逻辑了。 但是这种用法在早先的用法调查中被百分之七十一用法使用小组的人接受。而且，对这种用法的反对体现出了一种很流行但却值得怀疑的假设，那就是我们从数学和逻辑中得出适用于日常语言准确性的实例，而这种假设也可从我们对一些词，如unique，parallel 和 center 传统的语法讨论中体现出来。 根据这个解释，equal “准确”或“书面”的意思则是由在算术表达式，如5+2=7中所运用的相同的符号而表达清楚的； 而该词在日常语言中的用法，虽然被允许，但却代表了其含意“松散”或“不严谨”的引申。但是实际上用数学概念上的相等来运用equal 这个词描述世上各种事物之间的关系是一个很差劲的例子。 当该词应用于生活中的事物时，相等的观念往往与暗含的容忍相关联。当有人说两块木板同样长 时， 我们会认为由于上下文的关系，相等可以被看作大约近似；如果我们不这样想，那么当我们谈到物体的尺寸时，就要经常使用nearly equal 。 另外，我们常常会预测和数量无关的事物的相同性，比如我们会说，引入大学的要求是为了使全国足球联合会中的各队尽可能平等 ， 或者应给予该项工作的应征者同等的考虑 。 在所有这些例子中，相等是个可变化的概念，所以可在程度有所不同。Unequal 这个词的存在就是很好的证明。 un- 这个前缀只附加于有程序变化的形容词， 我们说unmanly 但不说 unmale ； 而uneven 这个词只能用于某物的表面（其平坦可有程度上的差别）， 而不能用于数目（数目只能说相等或不相等）。Equally 这一副词在与 as 连用时通常被认为是多余的， 在早先的用法调查中，以下这些使用equally as 的句子遭到百分之六十三使用小组的人反对： 〔soothsay〕To foretell future events; predict.预测：对将来的事情能预先告知；预言〔chartist〕A stock-market specialist who uses charts and graphs to interpret market action, predict trends, or forecast price movements of individual stocks.图表制作分析家：通过制作图表曲线来说明市场行势、预测动向或某些证券的价格变动的证券市场专家 |
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