| 单词 | 首创 |
| 释义 | 〔Bednorz〕German physicist. He shared a 1987 Nobel Prize for pioneering research in superconductivity.贝德纳兹，J.格奥尔格：(生于 1950) 德国物理学家，因其在超导方面首创性的研究，获1987年诺贝尔奖〔Socrates〕Greek philosopher who initiated a question-and-answer method of teaching as a means of achieving self-knowledge. His theories of virtue and justice have survived through the writings of Plato, his most important pupil. Socrates was tried for corrupting the minds of Athenian youth and subsequently put to death (399).苏格拉底：希腊哲学家，首创了问答工教学方法，作为获得认识自我的一种方法。他关于道德和正义的理论，通过柏拉图（他最著名的学生）的著作而得以流传下来。苏格拉底因被指控毒害雅典年轻人的头脑而受到审判，并因此被处死（公元前339年）〔larva〕The wordlarva referring to the newly hatched form of insects before they undergo metamorphosis comes from the Latin wordlārva, meaning "evil spirit, demon, devil.”To understand why this should be so,we need to know that the Latin word also was used for a terrifying mask,and it is this sense of the word that has come down to us.In Medieval Latinlarva could mean "mask or visor.” Larva is therefore an appropriate term for that stage of an insect's life during which its final form was still hidden or masked, and New Latinlārva was thus applied by Carolus Linnaeus, the Swedish botanist who originated our system of classifying plants and animals.The wordlarva is first recorded in English in its scientific sense in 1768, although it had been used in its "spirit" sense in 1651 and in a way that foreshadowed the usage by Linnaeus in 1691. larva 一词指昆虫在变形前刚孵化出来的幼虫， 来源于拉丁词larva ， 意为“邪恶的精灵，鬼怪，恶魔”。为了了解为什么，我们需要知道这个拉丁词语还用于指一种令人恐惧的面具，而且正是该词的这一层含义流传了下来。在中世纪的拉丁语中，larva 有“面具或面甲”的意思。 Larva 在形容昆虫成熟之前被隐藏或遮盖的这一段时期的时候，成为一个适合的名称， 这样新拉丁语的larva 一词首先由瑞典植物学家卡罗拉斯里纽斯赋予以上含义， 卡罗拉斯是首创动植物分类系统的第一人。虽然larva 一词在1651年曾经以其“精灵”一层意思被使用并在一定程度上预示了于1691年出现的里纽斯的用法，但是于1768年才以科学术语的形式首先在英语中出现的 〔Ives〕American inventor who developed the halftone printing process and did pioneering work in color photography.艾夫斯，弗雷德里克·尤金：(1856-1937) 美国发明家，他改进了网版印刷法并在彩色摄影上做了首创的贡献〔Rogers〕American psychologist. A founder of humanistic psychology, he developed client-centered therapy, in which the client directs the focus and pace of each session.罗杰斯，卡尔：(1902-1987) 美国心理学家，人本主义心理学的缔造者。他首创以患者为中心的心理疗法，治疗中患者指示每一次与医生会谈的重点和进度〔pretzel〕It is probably well known or widely assumed thatpretzel is a German word, since the food seems traditionally German, but the word ultimately has a Latin origin.The German wordBrezel or Pretzel, which was borrowed into English (first being recorded in American English in a newspaper of March 1856) goes back to the assumed Medieval Latin word brāchitellum. This would accord with the storythat a monk living in France or northern Italy first created the knotted shape of a pretzel,even though this type of biscuit had been enjoyed by the Romans.The monk wanted to symbolize arms folded in a prayer,hence the name derived from Latinbracchiātus, "having branches,” itself frombracchium, "branch, arm.” 可能象大家所熟知的或认定的那样，因为这种食品好象是德国的传统食品，所以大家认为pretzel 是个德语词， 但实际上这个词源于拉丁语。德语词Brezel 或 Pretzel 被借入英语（首次以美式英语记录于1856年3月的新闻报刊）可追溯到中世纪的拉丁词 brachitellum 。 这可能是与这个故事是一致的：一位住在法国或意大利北部的修士首创了这种节状的椒盐饼，尽管这种饼干很受罗马人的欢迎。那位修士想要象征祈祷者交叠的手臂，因此这个名字来源于拉丁语bracchiatus， 意为“有枝干的，” 该词本身又是由bracchium “枝干，手臂”演变而来的 〔pioneer〕surgeons who pioneered organ transplants.首创器官移植的外科医生〔Delaunay〕French painter who founded a school of painting that relied solely on color to show shape and depth.德劳内，罗伯特：(1885-1941) 法国画家，首创仅依靠颜色来表现形状和深度的绘画学派〔Alcaeus〕Greek poet who reputedly invented Alcaic verse.阿乐凯奥斯：希腊诗人，以首创阿尔凯奥斯四行诗而享有盛誉〔Finsen〕Danish physician. He won a 1903 Nobel Prize for developing a method of treating skin diseases with ultraviolet light.芬森，尼尔斯·雷伯格：(1860-1904) 丹麦医师，因首创用紫外线法治疗皮肤病而获1903年诺贝尔奖 |
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