| 单词 | 马夫 |
| 释义 | 〔swill〕"Unshaven horsemen swill the great wines of the Chateaux"(W.H. Auden)“满脸胡须的马夫们大口痛饮着上等葡萄酒”(W.H.奥登)〔marshal〕Hard-riding marshals of the Wild West in pursuit of criminalsreemphasize the relationship of the wordmarshal with horses. The Germanic ancestor of our wordmarshal is a compound made up of .marhaz, "horse" (related to the source of our word mare ), and .skalkaz, "servant,” meaning as a whole literally "horse servant,”hence "groom.”The Frankish descendant of this Germanic word,.marahskalk, starting from these humble beginnings, came to designate a high royal official and also a high military commander, not surprisingly so, given the importance of the horse in medieval warfare.The word passed into the period (beginning in 800) in which we speak of Old French, after the Franks and their Germanic language had been fused with the surrounding culture descended from Roman Gaul.When the Normans established a French-speaking official class in England,the Old French word came with them.The Middle English source of our word is first recorded as a surname in 1218 (and the surname Marshal, now spelled Marshall, has been held by some famous people),but it is first recorded as a common noun with the sense "high officer of the royal court" in the first English language proclamation (1258) by an English king, Henry III, after the Norman Conquest.Marshal was applied to this high royal official's deputies, who were officers of courts of law,and the word continued to designate various officials involved with courts of law and law enforcement,including the horseback-riding marshals we are familiar with in the United States.西部荒野骑着马对罪犯紧追不舍的警长形象，再次强调了marshal 这个词与马之间的联系。 我们这个单词marshal 的日耳曼语原形是一个由 marhaz “马”（与 mare 的语源相关）和 skalkaz “仆人，佣人”组成的合成词， 字面意思是“马的仆人”，也就是后来的“马夫”。这个日耳曼词的法兰克语的演变marahskalk 从最初卑微的含义演变到特指高级王室官员及高级军事将领， 不仅如此，在中世纪的战场上马也被提升到了重要地位。在法兰克人和他们所说的日耳曼语一起融入周围的罗马高卢人文化之后，这个词进入了我们讲古法语的时代（开始于800年）。当诺曼底人在英格兰建立了一个讲法语的官员阶层之后，古法语里的这个词便随之而来。该词在中世纪英语中最早于1218年作为一个姓氏被记录下来（一些著名人士的姓马歇尔，现在的拼写法为Marshall)，但作为指“王室的高级官员”的普通名词，它最早出现于英国王亨利三世在诺曼征服之后做的一篇英文公告(1258年）。在此文中Marshal 用于指高级王室官员的代表， 也就是司法官员。该词涉及法律和法律实施的不同官员的含义延续了下来，其中就包括我们所熟悉的美国西部骑在马背上的警长〔muffuletta〕A sandwich made with a large round roll of Italian bread split in half and filled with layers of hard salami, ham, provolone, and olive salad.马夫那他三明治：一种三明治，将意大利大面包卷切成两半，然后中间塞上硬的意大利香肠、火腿、菠萝夫洛干酪和橄榄油沙拉〔hostler〕One who is employed to tend horses, especially at an inn.马夫：受雇照看马匹者，特别是客栈中〔caballero〕from Late Latin caballārius [horse groom] 源自 后期拉丁语 caballārius [马夫] 〔syce〕A stableman or groom, especially in India.马夫或马倌，尤指印度的〔Loafer〕"Under the . . . private label, there is a simple black patent loafer for $175"(New York Times)"Popular looks for men include: knee-length shorts worn with a blazer, white socks and loafers; or turtlenecks, often white"(San Francisco Chronicle)"The groom wore jeans, loafers and no socks"(Sports Illustrated)“在那张隐蔽的标签下面，摆着一双价值175美元的简洁而新颖的黑色路夫便鞋”(纽约时报)“男人流行的打扮包括：长至膝高的短裤，单排扣运动上衣，白色短袜和路夫皮鞋；或只穿一件白色高圆领绒衣”(旧金山记事)“马夫穿着仔衣和路夫皮鞋，没穿袜子”(运动插图)〔groom〕A man or boy employed to take care of horses.马夫：被雇来照看马匹的男人或男孩〔muffuletta〕The New Orleansmuffuletta is one of the only large American sandwiches not made with a long crusty roll. Instead, it is made by filling a round loaf of Italian bread with layers of hard salami, ham, provolone, and olive salad.The shape of the bread and the presence of the olive salad distinguishes the muffuletta from thesubmarine sandwich. Marian Burros of theNew York Times traces the creation of the muffuletta to Salvatore Lupa's Central Grocery in New Orleans in 1910. The sandwich was a favorite lunch for Louisiana farmers on their trips into town.新奥尔良马夫那他 是唯一一种不是长硬皮面包卷做成的大型美国三明治。 而是在圆形意大利面包中塞有意大利硬香肠、火腿、干酪和橄榄油沙拉。面包的形状和橄榄油沙拉使得马夫三明治那他区别于潜水艇三明治 。 纽约时报 的马里娅·布诺斯发现马夫那他三明治，源于1910年新奥尔良的沙尔维多·路柏中心食品杂货店。 这种三明治是路易斯安那州的农夫进城时最爱吃的午饭 |
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