| 单词 | 骑士 |
| 释义 | 〔accolade〕Those who have received so many accolades that they have no fear of getting it in the neck may have to reconsider their situation.In tracingaccolade back to its Latin origins, we find that it was formed from the prefixad-, "to, on,” and the noun collum, "neck,” which may bring the wordcollar to mind. From these elements came the Vulgar Latin word.accollāre, which, in turn, was the source of Frenchaccolade, "an embrace.” An embrace was originally given to a knight when dubbing him,a fact that accounts foraccolade having the technical sense "ceremonial bestowal of knighthood,” the sense in which the word is first recorded in English in 1623.那些接受了如此多的拥吻以致不怕再在颈部接受的人，也许应考虑一下他们所处状况。追溯accolade 的拉丁文辞源， 我们可以发现它是由前缀ad- “到在…之上”之意和名词 collum， “颈部”之意， 这词使我们想起collar 一词。 从这些成分组成俗拉丁词accollare， 而这词反过来又成为法语词accolade， “拥抱”的词源。 原来是指骑士授予时所给予的拥抱，这事实可解释accolade 一词带“授予骑士称号的典礼”的意义， 这个词带这种意义在英语中是在1623年第一次使用〔brave〕"So faithful in love, and so dauntless in war,/ There never was knight like the young Lochinvar" (Sir Walter Scott). “对爱情如此忠诚，对战斗如此无惧，/没有一个骑士能象年轻的洛秦瓦那样” （沃尔特·斯科特伯爵）。〔misericord〕A narrow dagger used in medieval times to deliver the death stroke to a seriously wounded knight.匕首：中世纪时将重伤的骑士刺死而用的一种狭长匕首〔Lamarckism〕After Chevalier de Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet Lamarck 源自 骑士 简·巴蒂斯特·皮尔·安东尼·德·莫奈 Lamarck〔furnish〕knights who were accoutered for battle. 准备好战斗的骑士们 〔baronetess〕A woman holding a British hereditary title of honor reserved for commoners, ranking immediately below the barons and above all orders of knighthood except the Garter.准女伯爵：直接位于男爵之下但位于除嘉德勋位者外的，所有骑士等级之上的英国世袭身份女性拥有者〔Macke〕German painter whose works, such asLady in a Green Jacket (1913), display brilliant use of color. He was associated with Franz Marc and the Blaue Reiter group and was killed in World War I. 麦克，奥古斯特：(1887-1914) 德国画家，作品包括《穿绿茄克衫的女人》 （1913年），表现了他对色彩的出神入化的使用。他与法郎兹·马尔克和青骑士社有关，于第一次世界大战时去世 〔Grudziadz〕A city of north-central Poland on the Vistula River northeast of Bydgoszcz. Founded by the Teutonic Knights, it passed to Poland in 1466 and was ruled by Prussia from 1772 to 1919. Population, 93,900.格鲁琼兹：波兰中北部一城市，位于维斯图拉河上，在彼得哥什东北。由条顿骑士建立，1466年归波兰管辖，1772到1919年由普鲁士统治。人口93,900〔tabard〕A tunic or capelike garment worn by a knight over his armor and emblazoned with his coat of arms.骑士短披风：骑士穿在盔甲外面并饰以纹章的制服式或披风式的衣服〔George〕A jeweled figure of Saint George killing the dragon, used as an insignia of the Knights of the Garter.乔治十世勋章图案：圣乔治杀龙的宝石图案，用来作嘉德骑士勋章〔Powderly〕American labor leader who directed the Knights of Labor, a secret organization that disavowed strikes, during its period of greatest influence (1879-1893).鲍德利，泰伦提乌斯·文森特：(1849-1924) 美国劳工领袖，是秘密组织“劳动骑士”的领导者，该组织处于最具影响力的时期时（1879-1893年）否认罢工〔pencel〕A narrow flag, streamer, or pennon, especially one carried at the top of a lance or spear.长条小旗，矛旗：尤指置于骑士的矛式旗杆或矛顶端的一面窄旗、幡旗或三角燕尾旗〔Iseult〕In Arthurian legend, an Irish princess who married the king of Cornwall and had a love affair with his knight Tristan.伊索尔特：亚瑟王传说中的一位爱尔兰公主，她嫁给了康沃尔国王却和他的骑士特里斯坦发生了恋情〔grail〕Grail A cup or plate that, according to medieval legend, was used by Jesus at the Last Supper and that later became the object of many chivalrous quests. Also called Holy Grail Grail 圣杯，圣盘：据中世纪传说为基督在最后的晚餐上用过的那个杯或盘子， 后来成为许多骑士追求的目标 也作 Holy Grail〔Hals〕Dutch painter of genre scenes and portraits, such asThe Laughing Cavalier (1624). 哈尔斯，弗朗斯：(1580?-1666) 荷兰肖像画家和风景画家，作品如《欢笑的骑士》 （1624年） 〔romance〕A long medieval narrative in prose or verse that tells of the adventures and heroic exploits of chivalric heroes:骑士故事，中世纪的传奇故事：中世纪用韵文体写成的讲述骑士的冒险和英雄事迹的长篇叙事散文或诗：〔chevalier〕A chivalrous man.骑士般的人：具有骑士高尚品质的人〔tunic〕A medieval surcoat.骑士铠甲：中世纪骑士等穿在铠甲罩袍〔Lovelace〕English Cavalier poet who is noted especially for the lyrics "To Althea, from Prison" and "To Lucasta, Going to the Wars.”拉夫罗斯，理查德：(1618-1657?) 英国骑士派诗人，尤以其抒情诗“《从监狱奔向阿血娅》”和“《奔赴战场卢卡斯塔》”而被人瞩目〔knight〕To raise (a person) to knighthood.授予（某人）骑士地位〔chevalier〕A French nobleman of the lowest rank.骑士：法国最低级的贵族〔Tristan〕In Arthurian legend, a knight who fell in love with the Irish princess Iseult, who was betrothed to his uncle King Mark of Cornwall.特里斯坦：亚瑟王时代的传奇中的人物，是一个骑士，爱上了与他的叔叔康沃尔国王马克订了婚的爱尔兰公主伊休尔特〔Erasmus〕Dutch Renaissance scholar and Roman Catholic theologian who sought to revive classical texts from antiquity, restore simple Christian faith based on Scripture, and eradicate the improprieties of the medieval Church. His works includeThe Manual of the Christian Knight (1503) and The Praise of Folly (1509). 伊拉斯默斯，狄赛德留斯：(1466?-1536) 荷兰文艺复兴时期学者，罗马天主教神学家，他试图使古代的古典经文复兴，恢复基于《圣经》的朴素的基督教信仰，消除中世纪教的一些不当行为，他的作品包括《基督教骑士手册》 （1503年）和 《愚人颂》 （1509年） 〔misericord〕A dagger, a support for someone who is standing, and a special monastic apartment are all called by the same name because,strangely enough,they are all examples of mercy.The wordmisericord goes back to Latin misericordia, "mercy,” derived frommisericors, "merciful,” which is in turn derived frommiserērī, "to pity,” and cor, "heart.” In Medieval Latin the wordmisericordia was used to denote various merciful things, and these senses were borrowed into English.Misericordia referred to an apartment in a monastery where certain relaxations of the monastic rule were permitted,especially those involving food and drink.The word also designated a projection on the underside of a hinged seat in a choir stall against which a standing person could lean,no doubt a merciful thing during long services.Finally,misericordia was used for a dagger with which the death stroke was administered to a seriously wounded knight. 匕首、站立的人依靠的托板和一种特殊的修道院房都被称为同一名称，尽管非常奇怪，但这是因为它们全都是仁慈和怜悯的例证。misericord 一词可追溯到拉丁词 misericordia 意为“怜悯”， 源自misericors 意为“怜悯的”， 而后者又从misereri 意为“怜悯”和 cor 意为“心”演变而来。 在中世纪拉丁文中misericordia 一词用来指示各种表现仁慈和怜悯的事物， 这些意思被转借进了英语。Misericordia 指的是修道院中的一个房间， 某些特定的修道戒律在此被允许放宽，特别是有关饮食的戒律。这个词也指教堂座位的活动座板底面上可供站立的人依靠的凸出物，这在长长的宗教仪式中无疑是一个富有仁慈之心的物体，后来misericordia 也用来指将受伤很重的骑士刺死的匕首 〔Layamon〕English poet who wroteThe Brut (c. 1205), the first account in English of King Arthur and his knights. 莱亚门：英国诗人，他的著作《布鲁特》 （1205年）是英语中有关亚瑟王和其骑士的最早描述 〔chevalier〕from Late Latin caballārius [horseman] 源自 后期拉丁语 caballārius [骑士] 〔baronet〕A man holding a British hereditary title of honor reserved for commoners, ranking immediately below the barons and above all orders of knighthood except the Garter.准男爵：直接位于男爵之下但位于除嘉德勋位者外的，所有骑士等级之上的世袭身份拥有者，通常授予平民〔surly〕The fact that the wordsurly means "churlish" nicely indicates its fall in status. Churlish derives from the word churl, which in its Old English form ceorl meant "a man without rank, a member of the lowest rank of freemen,” as well as "peasant" in general. In Old Englishceorl may have been a term of contempt; it certainly became one in Middle English,wherecherl meant "base fellow, boor,” with churlish descending in meaning accordingly. Surly, on the other hand, started its life at the top of the scale but fell just as far. Looking at instances of this word in Middle English and Early Modern English,we see thatsurly was only one spelling for this word, another spelling beingsirly, which makes it clear that it came from the word sir, the term of honor for a knight or for a person of rank or importance in general. Thussirly, the form under which the early spellings of the word are entered in the Oxford English Dictionary, first meant "lordly.” Surly, entered as a separate word in the OED and first recorded in 1566, meant perhaps "lordly, majestic,” in its earliest use,subsequently being used in the sense "masterful, imperious, arrogant.” As the gloss "arrogant" makes clear, the wordsirly could have a negative sense, and it is this area of meaning that is responsible for the current "churlish" sense of the word.surly 意为“粗野的”事实生动地说明了这个词的地位下降。 Churlish 是 churl 的派生词，其古英文形式 ceorl 的意思是“没有爵位的男人，或者是自由民中最低等级的男人”，大概象“农民”一样。 古英语中ceorl 可能含有贬意； 中古英语中肯定是贬意，其cherl 的意思是“卑贱的人，粗野的人”，相应地 churlish 的意思也下降了。 另一方面，Surly 开始是个高尚的字，后来地位同样下降。 从中古英语和早期现代英语中的实例，我们可以看到，surly 的拼法只有一个， 另一个是sirly ，它清楚地表明这个字来自 sir （给于骑士或有等级或有身份的人的尊称）。 因此，sirly 这个字的最初形式记载在 牛津英语词典 中，开始的意思为（有威严的，高傲的）。 Surly 作为另一个字最初于1566年记录在 OED 中， 最初的意思是“老爷的、尊贵的”，以后的意思为“老爷般的、命令式的、傲慢的”。“傲慢”这个字条清楚地说明sirly 可能有过否定的意思， 也正是在这层意义上，它和目前“粗野的”意义有关〔Tripoli〕A city of northwest Lebanon on the Mediterranean Sea north-northeast of Beirut. Probably founded after the seventh centuryb.c. , it was capital of a Phoenician federation and later flourished under the Seleucid and Roman empires. Tripoli was captured by the Arabs in a.d. 638 and taken by the Crusaders in 1109 after a long siege. Population, 198,000. 的黎波里：黎巴嫩西北部的一个城市，临地中海，位于贝鲁特东北偏北方。很可能建于公元前 7世纪以后，曾是腓尼基联邦的首府，后来在塞琉古王朝和罗马帝国的统治下繁荣一时。 公元 638年，的黎波里被阿拉拍人占领，1109年十字军骑士在对它进行了长时间的包围后终于攻占了它。人口198,000 〔esquire〕A male belonging to the gentry in England and ranking directly below a knight.绅士：士族地位次于骑士的或在中上阶层有一定社会地位的男士〔Berlichingen〕German knight and folk hero known as the subject of Goethe's playGötz von Berlichingen (1773). 贝利欣根，格茨：(1480-1562) 德国骑士和民间英雄，因成为歌德的戏剧《铁手骑士葛兹·封·贝利欣根》 （1773年）的主人公而闻名 〔chivalry〕from chevalier [knight] * see chevalier 源自 chevalier [骑士] * 参见 chevalier〔Grey〕American writer of Western adventure novels, includingRiders of the Purple Sage (1912). 格雷，赞：(1875-1939) 美国西部历险小说作家，作品有《紫艾丛中的骑士》 （1912年） 〔pennon〕A long, narrow banner or streamer borne upon a lance.骑士矛上的三角旗，燕尾旗：一面长而窄的旗或骑士矛上的小三角旗〔squire〕A man who attends or escorts a woman; a gallant.对女子献殷勤的人，情人：照料或护卫女子的男人；骑士〔quest〕An expedition undertaken in medieval romance by a knight in order to perform a prescribed feat:探险：在中世纪传奇故事中，骑士为了完成一既定的业绩而进行的探险：〔caballero〕One who is skilled in riding and managing horses; a horseman.骑士：技艺娴熟驾驶马匹的人；骑士〔rout〕A company, as of knights or wolves, that are in movement.一帮，一群：如骑士或狼群等正在行动中的一群〔Valletta〕The capital of Malta, on the northeast coast of the main island. Dating to the 16th century, it contains many relics of the Knights of Malta. Population, 14,013.瓦莱塔：马耳他首都，位于主岛东北海岸线上，从16世纪开始，它容纳了许多马耳他骑士的遗骸。人口14,013〔Kaunas〕A city of western European U.S.S.R. on the Neman River south of Riga. Founded in the 11th century, it was a medieval trading post and a Lithuanian stronghold against the Teutonic Knights. Russia acquired the city in the third partition of Poland (1795). Population, 405,000.考纳斯：苏联欧洲部分的西部城市，位于里加南部涅曼河河畔。于11世纪建立，中世纪时是一个贸易站以及立陶宛人对抗古修顿骑士的据点。俄罗斯在第三次瓜分波兰（1795年）时占据此城。人口405,000 |
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