| 单词 | 一个人 |
| 释义 | 〔sympathy〕A relationship or an affinity between people or things in which whatever affects one correspondingly affects the other.意气相投，同感：人或物之间的一种关系或相似点，即影响一个人或物的东西也会相应地影响另一个人或物〔world〕All that relates to or affects the life of a person:个人生活的全部：一切跟一个人的生活有关或影响其生活的东西：〔mahjong〕A game of Chinese origin usually played by four persons with tiles resembling dominoes and bearing various designs, which are drawn and discarded until one player wins with a hand of four combinations of three tiles each and a pair of matching tiles.麻将牌：一种由四个人玩的起源于中国的游戏，有多米诺骨牌般绘有各种图案的骨牌，每人轮流抓牌并扔出不需要的牌，直到有一个人有了四幅三个顺连牌和一幅成对牌时才算结束〔shirt〕To lose everything one has or owns.丧失一切：丧失一个人有的或拥有的一切〔man〕Traditionally,man and words derived from it have been used generically to designate any or all of the human race irrespective of sex.In Old Englishthis was the principal sense ofman, which meant "a human being" regardless of sex;the wordswer and wyf (or w÷pman and wifman ) were used to refer to "a male human being" and "a female human being" respectively. But in Middle Englishman displaced wer as the term for "a male human being,”whilewyfman (which evolved into present-day woman ) was retained for "a female human being.” The result of these changes was an assymetrical arrangement that many criticize as sexist.Many writers have revised some of their practices accordingly.But the precise implications of the usage vary according to the context and the particular use ofman or its derivatives. · Man sometimes appears to have the sense of "person" or "people" when it is used as a count noun, as inA man is known by the company he keeps and Men have long yearned to unlock the secrets of the atom, and in phrases likethe common man and the man in the street. Here the generic interpretation arises indirectly:if a man is known by the company he keeps,then so, by implication, is a woman.For this reasonthe generic interpretation of these uses ofman is not possible where the applicability of the predicate varies according to the sex of the individual. Thus it would be inappropriate to say thatMen are the only animals that can conceive at any time, since the sentence literally asserts that the ability to conceive applies to male human beings.This usage presumes that males can be taken as representatives of the species.In almost all cases,however, the wordsperson and people can be substituted for man and men, often with a gain in clarity. · By contrast,man functions more as a generic when it is used without an article in the singular to refer to the human race, as in sentences likeThe capacity for language is unique to man or in phrases like man's inhumanity to man. But this use ofman is also ambiguous, since it can refer exclusively to male members of the human race.In most contexts wordssuch ashumanity or humankind will convey the generic sense of this use of man. · On the whole,the Usage Panel accepts the generic use ofman, the women members significantly less than the men. The sentenceIf early man suffered from a lack of information, modern man is tyrannized by an excess of it was acceptable to 81 percent of the Panel (including 58 percent of the women and 92 percent of the men).The Panel also accepted compound words derived from genericman. The sentenceThe Great Wall is the only man-made structure visible from space was acceptable to 86 percent (including 76 percent of the women and 91 percent of the men).The sentence"The history of language is the history of mankind" (James Bradstreet Greenough and George Lyman Kittredge) was acceptable to 76 percent (including 63 percent of the women and 82 percent of the men). Such compounds were acceptable even when the context required that they be applied chiefly to women.Thus, 66 percent of the Panel (including 57 percent of the women and 71 percent of the men) accepts the wordmanpower in the sentence Countries that do not permit women to participate in the work force are at a disadvantage in competing with those that do avail themselves of that extra source of manpower. · A related set of problems is raised by the use ofman in forming the names of occupational and social rolessuch asbusinessman, chairman, spokesman, layman, and freshman, as well as in analogous formationssuch asunsportsmanlike and showmanship. Some condemn this use categorically;however, these words remained acceptable to a majority of the Usage Panel when they were used to refer to a role or class in the abstractbut were rejected when they were used to refer to a woman.Thus the general use ofchairman was acceptable to 67 percent of the Panel (including 52 percent of the women and 76 percent of the men) in the sentence The chairman will be appointed by the Faculty Senate. But only 48 percent (including 43 percent of the women and 50 percent of the men) accepted the use of the word inEmily Owen, chairman of the Mayor's Task Force, issued a statement assuring residents that their views would be solicited, where it is applied to a woman. · Several strategies have been suggested for replacing the categorical use of compounds formed withman. Parallel terms likebusinesswoman, spokeswoman and chairwoman are increasingly used to refer to women. Also in use are common-gender terms coined withperson, such asbusinessperson, spokesperson, and chairperson. For occupational titles ending inman, new standards of official usage have been established by the U.S. Department of Labor and other government agencies.In official contexts termssuch asfirefighter and police officer are now generally used in place of fireman and policeman. · A majority of the Panelists rejected the verbman when it was used to refer to an activity performed by women. The sentenceMembers of the League of Women Voters will be manning the registration desk was unacceptable to 56 percent of the Panel (including 61 percent of the women and 54 percent of the men). See Usage Note at -ess ,people 传统上，man 以及它的衍生字一般是用来指任何人或整个人类， 不考虑性别。在古英语中，这就是man 这个字主要的意思， 即“人” 而不分性别；单词wer 和 wyf （或 woepman 和 wifman )则分别用以指“男人”和“女人”。 但在中古英语时man 取代了 wer 这个词， 也具有“男人”的意义了；而wyfman （这个字发展演变成了今天的 woman 这个字）作为“女人”这个意思被保留了下来。 这些变化的结果是，作为性别歧视者所批评的匀称排列。为此，许多作家相应地修订了他们部分的创作活动。但是这用法的准确含义取决于它的上下文以及man 的具体用途或它的衍生字。 当man 这个字被当作一个可数名词来用时，它有时似乎具有“一个人”或“人们”的意思， 如在被他所在的那个公司熟悉了解的人 和 很久以来，人们都期盼着解开原子的秘密 ， 以及如下短语中普通的人 和 街上的人 。 这里，一般的理解源于间接地推理：如果一个男人是被他所在的公司了解的话，其言下之意是，一个女人也是被他所在的公司熟悉了解的。正是这个原因，使得man 当此一般理解之义用时，其谓语随着个人性别的改变而变化是不可能的。 所以，说人是唯一能在任何时候思考的动物 是不适当的， 因为这句话字面之义是指男人的思考能力。这种用法是假定男人可以作为人类的代表。几乎毫无例外的是，词person 和 people 可以用 man 和 men 来取代，且后两字意思更清楚。 相反，当man 以单数不带冠词出现用以指人类时，它更是指一类、一属， 如在象句子只有人才有语言能力 或象短语 人类对人类的不人道 中。 但man 若以这种形式出现，其意思也会模糊不清， 因为其可只指人类中的男性成员。在大多数的行文中，例如humanity 或 humankind 这样的字也传达了 man 这种用法的一般意义。 总的说来，在用法专题使用小组成员中接受man 这种一般用法的女性比男性明显少得多。 下面这句话如果说古代人受信息不足之苦的话，那么现代人则是受信息过量之虐待了 在小组中有81的成员可接受 （其中女性成员中的接受率为58，男性中则为92)。专题小组会还接受作为一般意义的man 构成的复合词。 长城是太空中的唯一可见的人造物 这句话有86的成员接受 （其中女性成员的接受率为76，而男性中为91)。“语言史就是一部人类史” （詹姆士·布拉斯瑞特·格里诺和乔治·莱曼·基特里奇）这句话的接受率为76（基中在女性成员中有63接受，而男性中为82)。 即使是上下行文所需的字主要指的是女人，这种复合词仍然被接受。因此小组中的66（其中女性委员的57，男性的71)接受了manpower 这个词在下句的用法： 那些不允许女人加入生产力大军的国家和那些允许女人加入生产力大军的国家相比，在处理剩余劳动力这一点上明显处于竞争的劣势 。 由于man 的使用所引起的一系列相关问题产生了， 在构成职业或社会角色类别的名称，如商人、主席、发言人、外行 和 渔夫 ， 以及将这个字用于类似的构词法中，如违反运动精神的 和 善于表演的才能 。 有些人谴责这种类别的用法；然而，当它们抽象地指某种角色或阶层时，这些词仍能得到用法专题使用小组大多数人的接受；但当它们用由于指女性时，这些词就被拒绝了。因此在句子主席由职工委员会指定 中 主席 的这种一般用法就得到了67小组成员的接受（其中在女性成员中为52，而男性中为76)。 但是，在句子艾米莉·欧文，市长任务小组的主席，发表了一个声明，向市长保证将考虑他们的观点 中这个字的用法，由于是指女性，只有48的成员接受（其中在女性成员中的接受率为43，而男性中为50)。 对于如何替换用man 构成的类别复合词，几种构思被提了出来。 与之相对的复合词如女商人、女发言人 和 女主席 越来越多地被用来指女性。 另外，用person 构成的中性词也创造了出来， 如商人、发言人 和 主席 。 对于用man 结尾的职业名称， 美国政府劳工部和其它政府机构已建立起了新的官方运用标准。在官方行文，现在一般用如firefighter 和 police officer 代替 fireman 和 policeman 。 大多数的小组成员反对将动词man 用于指那些女性从事的活动。 句子登记处将配备女性选民联盟的成员 在用法专题使用小组中的反对率是56（其中在女性成员中的反对率是61，而男性中为54) 参见 -ess,people〔forebear〕A person from whom one is descended; an ancestor.See Synonyms at ancestor 祖先：从其开始繁衍子孙后代的一个人；先辈 参见 ancestor〔salary〕Fixed compensation for services, paid to a person on a regular basis.薪水，薪金：付给一个人的固定劳动补偿〔maharishi〕Used as a title for such a person.用作这样的一个人的称号〔shirt〕The maximum one is able to give or lose:最大损失：一个人能给予或能失去的最大限额：〔interfere〕"It was his peculiar doctrine that a man has a perfect right to interfere by force with the slaveholder, in order to rescue the slave" (Henry David Thoreau).Totamper is to interfere by making unsought, unwelcome, often destructive changes or by trying to influence another in an improper way: “他有一个奇特的宗旨，即为了解救奴隶，一个人有绝对权利以武力来干涉奴隶主” （亨利·戴维·梭罗）。tamper 是通过造成未经请求的、不受欢迎、经常为毁坏性的变化或试图通过不恰当的方式影响他人来进行干涉： 〔anxiety〕"To be happy one must be . . . well fed, unhounded by sordid cares" (H.L. Mencken). “一个人要想快乐就必须…知足，不为贪婪烦恼。” （H.L.门肯）。〔surprise〕These verbs mean to affect a person strongly as being unexpected or unusual.Tosurprise is to fill with often sudden wonder or disbelief as being unanticipated or out of the ordinary: 这些动词意思是因其出其不意或不寻常而强烈地影响一个人。Surprise 指的是因其出乎意料或非同寻常而使人突然充满好奇和不相信： 〔genius〕The prevailing spirit or distinctive character, as of a place, a person, or an era:特征，特色：一个地方、一个人或一个地区的流行的风气或独特的特点：〔mission〕A combat operation assigned to a person or military unit.战斗任务：分派给一个人或军事单位的战斗行动〔approach〕An advance or overture made by one person to another.提议，建议：由一个人为另一人做出的提议或提案〔surcharge〕To require (a person) to reimburse funds spent without authorization.令（一个人）归还非法动用的公款〔author〕The verbauthor, which had been out of use for a long period, has been rejuvenated in recent years with the sense "to assume responsibility for the content of a published text.” As such it is not quite synonymous with the verbwrite ; one can write, but not author, a love letter or an unpublished manuscript,and the writer who ghostwrites a book for a celebrity cannot be said to have "authored" the creation. The sentenceHe has authored a dozen books on the subject was unacceptable to 74 percent of the Usage Panel, probably because it implies that the fact of having a book published is worthy of special lexical distinction, a notion that sits poorly with conventional literary sensibilities,and which seems to smack of press agentry.The sentenceThe Senator authored a bill limiting uses of desert lands in California was similarly rejected by 64 percent of the Panel, though here the usage is common journalistic practice,and is perhaps justified by the observation that we do not expect that legislators will actually write the bills to which they attach their names. ·The verbcoauthor is well established in reference to scientific and scholarly publications, where it serves a useful purpose,since the people listed as authors of such works routinely include research collaborators who have played no part in the actual writing of the text,but who are nonetheless entitled to credit for the published results.动词author， 很长一段时间不再使用， 近年来又以“对某一出版作品的内容负有责任”的含义重新起用。因此，它已不完全同动词write 同义； 一个人可以写一封求爱信或未出版的草稿，但不是作者，某一人即使雇人写出一篇杰作也不能说是“创作”了作品。对句子他已就这个论题创作了十二部作品 74%的用法专题小组不能接受， 可能因为它暗示着一个事实，即一本已出版的书一定有特别的词汇意义上区别的价值，这是与传统文学观念不太相容的概念，并带有出版机构的意味。此句参议员提出了一个限制使用加利福尼亚地区沙漠土地的议案 ，同样有64%的用法专题小组成员不能接受， 虽然这里这种用法是新闻界实践的惯用。这恐怕是因为我们并不希望立法人员真的是写作一项议案然后在其上署上他们的名字吧。·动词coauthor 是在科学及学术发表论文的意义上建立的， 这里这个词的使用有一个重要意义，因为创作者名单上列出作为这部作品创作者的人通常包括共同研究人员，既使他们实际上并未参加写作，但不可否认地对出版物的结果做出了贡献〔single〕An accommodation for one person, as in a hotel.单人房间：供一个人起居的住处，比如在旅馆〔memory〕"Her mind seemed wholly taken up with reminiscences of past gaiety" (Charlotte Brontë).When the word refers to what is remembered,it may involve the sharing of the recollection with another or others: “对过去快乐时光的回想几乎完全占据了她的脑海” （夏洛蒂·勃朗特）。当这个词用来指被记住的东西时，它表示与另外一个人或几个人的共同回忆： 〔business〕The occupation, work, or trade in which a person is engaged:职业，行业：一个人所从事的职业、工作或行业：〔voiceprint〕An electronically recorded graphic representation of a person's voice, in which the configuration for any given utterance is uniquely characteristic of the individual speaker.声波纹：一种电子记录下来的图纹，表现出一个人的声音，图中每一种发音的轮廓都是这个说话者的单独特征〔transcend〕"One never can see the thing in itself, because the mind does not transcend phenomena"(Hilaire Belloc)“一个人永远不可能认识事物自身的本质，因为思想无法超越现象”(西莱尔·贝洛克)〔neighbor〕A person, place, or thing adjacent to or located near another.位置相近的人或事物：接近于一个人或位于其附近的人、地方或事物〔play〕To set (one individual or party) in opposition to another so as to advance one's own interests:使相斗（以坐收渔利）：将（一个人或一个队）置于与另一个（人或队）相对的位置从而加强自己的利益：〔brinkmanship〕The practice, especially in international politics, of seeking advantage by creating the impression that one is willing and able to push a highly dangerous situation to the limit rather than concede.边缘政策：通过创造一种印象来寻求利益的国际政治实践，即一个人情愿并能够把高度危险的局势推到极限而不是退避〔innermost〕one's innermost feelings.一个人内心最深处的情感〔humor〕A person's characteristic disposition or temperament:气质，性格：一个人典型的性情或脾气：〔forte〕The central meaning shared by these nouns is "something at which a person is particularly skilled": 这些名词共有的中心意思是“一个人特别擅长的某方面”： 〔palindrome〕A man, a plan, a canal, Panama!一个人、一个计划、一个运河、巴拿马!〔detainer〕The detention of a person, especially in custody.拘禁，拘留：对一个人的拘禁，尤指把人关在拘禁室里〔house〕A structure serving as a dwelling for one or more persons, especially for a family.房屋：作为一个人或多个人，特别是作为一家人的住处的建筑物〔task〕Stint refers to a person's prescribed share of work: Stint 指一个人按规定分担的一份工作： 〔Frankenstein〕From Frankenstein , the creator of the artificial monster in Frankenstein by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley 源自 Frankenstein ， 弗兰肯斯泰因 中的一个人造怪物，由玛丽·沃斯通克拉夫特·雪莱所著 〔life〕A particular segment of one's life:人生阶段：一个人一生中的某一特定阶段：〔edit〕The wordedit is often cited as an example of back-formation. In other words, edit is not the source ofeditor, asdive is of diver, the expected derivational pattern;rather, the reverse is the case. Edit in the sense "to prepare for publication,” first recorded in 1793,comes fromeditor, first recorded in 1712 in the sense "one who edits.”There is more to the story, however. Edit also partly comes from the French wordéditer, "to publish, edit,” first recorded in 1784.In the case ofedit, two processes, borrowing and back-formation, have thus occurred either independently or together,perhaps one person takingedit from French originally, another fromeditor, and yet a third from both.单词edit 常用来作为逆构词的一个范例， 换句话说， edit 并不是editor 的语源， 就象dive 不是 diver 的语源， 这是我们臆想中的派生模式；当然，这种逆构词只是一种范例而已。 Edit 作为“准备出版物”的意义最早记录于1793年，这是从editor 来的， 它在1712年就以“编辑者”的意义首次记录。但这里还有更多的故事。 Edit 的一部分来源于法语词éditer ，即“出版、编辑”， 它最早记录于1784年。在edit 这个词中含有两种造词过程，外借和逆构， 可能是分开进行也可能是同时起作用，或许一个人从原法语词中借用了edit 这个字， 而另一人则从editor 中造出新字， 第三个人却从两个词源中得到这个字〔galoot〕A person, especially a clumsy or uncouth one.家伙：一个人，尤指笨拙的或古怪的人〔mindset〕A fixed mental attitude or disposition that predetermines a person's responses to and interpretations of situations.精神状态：决定一个人对环境的反应或理解的固定的态度或性格〔subsidy〕Financial assistance given by one person or government to another.经济援助：一个人或政府给另一个人或政府的经济援助〔personhood〕The state or condition of being a person, especially having those qualities that confer distinct individuality:做人，人格：成为一个人的状态或情况，尤指那些赋予特殊个性的人：〔gangbang〕Sexual intercourse, often rape, involving one person or victim and several others who have relations with that person in rapid succession.集体轮奸：涉及一个人或受害者和其他几人接连快速与其发生性关系的性交，尤指强奸 |
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