| 单词 | 使得 |
| 释义 | 〔valentine〕Geoffrey Chaucer should perhaps receive honor as the real Saint Valentine.Although reference books abound with mention of Roman festivals from which Valentine's Day—the day for lovers—may be derived,Jack B. Oruch has shown that no evidence exists to support these connections and that Chaucer is most likely the first to link the saint's day with the custom of choosing sweethearts.No link between the day and lovers exists before the time of Chaucer and several literary contemporaries who also mention it,but after them the link becomes widespread,a circumstance that makes it seem likely that Chaucer, the most imaginative of the group, invented the tradition.The fullest and perhaps earliest description of the tradition occurs in Chaucer'sParlement of Foules, composed around 1380, which takes place "on Seynt Valentynes day,/Whan every foul cometh there to chese [choose] his make [mate].”杰弗里·乔叟可能应该接受作为真正的圣马伦丁的荣誉。尽管参考书中充满圣瓦伦丁节日──情人的节日──可能来源于罗马节日的提法，杰克·B.奥鲁奇已经表示没有证据存在去支持这些联系，并且认为乔叟是最有可能第一个把圣瓦伦丁节和选择情人的习俗联系在一起的。乔叟和他同时代的一些创作者曾有过这个提法，但在这之前，并没有人把某日和情人的联系存在，但是在他们之后这种联系开始广泛流传起来，这种情况使得这群人中最有想象力的乔叟创造了这个节日。关于这种传统的最完整可能也是最早的描述出现在乔叟的 Parlement of Foules（火鸡议会） 中， 作于1380年左右，发生在“圣瓦伦丁节/当每个火鸡都来到这里选择它的配偶”〔rival〕"They achieved more than they had ever dreamed, lending a magic to their family story that no tale or ordinary life could possibly rival"(Doris Kearns Goodwin)“他们取得的成就比他们所梦想的还要多，这给他们的家族史注入了一股魔力，使得任何神话及日常生活都没法匹敌”(多丽丝·克恩斯·古德温)〔whatever〕Bothwhatever and what ever can be used in sentences such as Whatever (or What ever ) made her say that? Critics have occasionally objected to the one-word form,but it is supported by extensive precedent in reputable writing.The same is true of the formswhoever, whenever, wherever, and however when these expressions are used similarly. In adjectival uses only the one-word form is used:Take whatever (not what ever ) books you need. ? When a clause beginning withwhatever is the subject of a sentence, no comma should be used: Whatever you do is right. Otherwise, a comma may be used:Whatever you do, don't burn the toast. ? When the phrase preceding a restrictive clause is introduced bywhichever or whatever, that should not be used in formal writing. It is regarded as incorrect to writewhatever book that you want to look at; one should write insteadWhatever book you want to look at will be sent to your office or Whichever book costs less (not that costs less ) is fine with us. See Usage Note at however ,that whatever 和 what ever 这两个词都可用在例如 Whatever （或 What ever ) made her say that?（究竟是什么使得她说那样的话?） 这样的句子里。 批评家们经常反对单一词形，但有声望作品的大量先例却支持了单词形式。同样地，当whoever, whenever, wherever 及 however 这些表述被用于类似情况时，其情形也是如此。 用作定语时只用单词形式：Take whatever （不是 what ever ） books you need。（拿那些你要的书） ？ whatever 为句首的从句作句子主语时，不能用逗号： Whatever you do is right（无论你做什么都是对的）。 在其他情况可以用逗号：Whatever you do, don't burn the toast（不管你做什么，不要烤糊了吐司） ? 当先于一限定性从句的短语是由whichever 或 whatever引入时， that不能用在正式文体中。 这样的句子：whatever book that you want to look at（无论哪本你想看的书） 是被看作不正确的； 相反应该是Whatever book you want to look at will be sent to your office（你想看的任何一本书都将会送到你的办公室去） 或者 Whichever book costs less （不是 that costs less ) is fine with us（花费少一些的书比较适合我们） 参见 however,that〔kill〕To hit (a ball) with such force as to make a return impossible, especially in a racquet game.大力杀球：用力击（球）使得球不可能返回，尤其指壁球比赛〔nauseous〕Traditional critics have insisted thatnauseous is appropriately used only to mean "causing nausea" and that it is incorrect to use it to mean "affected with nausea,”as inRoller coasters make me nauseous. In this example,nauseated is preferred by 72 percent of the Usage Panel. What is curious, however,is that 88 percent of the Panelists indicated that they would prefernauseating in the sentenceThe children looked a little green from too many candy apples and nauseous rides. Thus it appears that like a handful of other words such astranspire, nauseous is actively used mainly in the sense in which it is considered incorrect. · While the use ofnauseous to mean "affected with nausea" may incur critical displeasure, it should be pointed out in its defense not only that it is quite common among educated speakersbut that it is subtly distinct fromnauseated in this sense. Nauseated is a passive participle, and hence suggests a condition induced by a specific external cause.By contrast,nauseous is an adjective that refers to an occurrent state whose cause may be nonspecific or unknown.The person who reports thatI woke up this morning feeling nauseous might not be willing to accept that he or she had beennauseated by any external agent. 传统的评论家坚持认为nauseous 只适合用于“引起人厌恶的”意思， 而用于指“患恶心症的”是不正确的，就像在巨浪滑行者使我感到恶心 中一样。 在这个例子中，nauseated 被72%的用法专题使用小组成员认为是合适的。 然而，有趣的是，88%的成员认为他们会选用nauseating 这个词， 用在句子太多的苹果糖和令人恶心的骑乘使得孩子们的脸色有点绿 中。 因此似乎像许多别的词如transpire那样，nauseous 积极地主要用于被人认为是不正确的意思中。 然而用nauseous 来指“患恶心症”可能引起评论的不愉快， 作为防卫我们应该指出不仅在受过教育的演说者中此种用法普遍，而且在这个意思上它和nauseated 有细微的区别。 Nauseated 是过去分词， 因此意味着由特殊的外部原因引导的条件。相反nauseous 是形容词指偶发的状态， 可能是非特殊的或不知道的。声称我早上起来时感到恶心 的人， 可能不情愿接受他或她被任何外界力量所恶心到 〔scrimp〕To cut or make too small or scanty.缩减：消减或使得非常小或很少〔polite〕“‘Always be civil to the girls, you never know who they may marry’ is an aphorism which has saved many an English spinster from being treated like an Indian widow" (Nancy Mitford).“‘永远要对女孩子彬彬有礼，你无法知道她们将嫁谁’这句格言使得许多英国老处女免受印第安寡妇般的对待” （南希·米特福德）。〔impurity〕Something that renders something else impure; an inferior component or additive.混杂物；粗劣品：一些使得别的物质不纯净的物质；劣等的成分或附加物〔pity〕 Pity often implies a feeling of sorrowthat inclines one to help or to show mercy: Pity 常表示一种痛苦的感情，使得某人因此想帮助或表示怜悯： 〔impeachable〕Being such as to make one liable to impeachment:可揭发的，可检举的：使得某人可能受控告的：〔impracticable〕Impracticable applies to a course of action that is impossible to carry out or put into practice;impractical, though it can be used in this way, also can be weaker in sense,suggesting that the course of action would yield an insufficient return or would have little practical value.A plan for a new baseball stadium might be rejected asimpracticable if the site was too marshy to permit safe construction; but if the objection was merely that the site was too remote for patrons to attend games easily,the plan would better be described asimpractical. See Usage Note at practicable Impracticable 用于不可能实行或行不通的动作过程；impractical 虽然也能这样用， 但也有较弱意思的用法，指动作过程能产生不足的回报或者几乎没有实际的价值。如果建筑地点过于湿软而不能保证稳固的建筑，那么修建棒球体育场的计划就可能因其impracticable （不可行）而遭到反对； 但是如果反对的理由仅仅是场址太偏远而使得爱好者们不能轻易到场观看比赛的话，这个计划还是应该被看成是impractical（不切实际的） 参见 practicable〔Playbill〕"The typical hot, humid night . . . had most of the audience fanning themselves with their playbills"(Washington Times)"The playbill somehow listed the movement headings for the wrong Beethoven symphony"(Los Angeles Times)“典型的又热又潮湿的夜晚…使得大多数观众用他们的节目单给自己扇凉”(华盛顿时报)“剧场节目单不知怎么列出了错误的贝多芬交响乐的运动标题”(洛杉矶时报)〔cap〕capped his last trick with a disappearing act that brought the audience to its feet.最后的压轴好戏是使自己消失不见，这使得观众为之倾倒〔gantlet〕A section of double railroad tracks formed by the temporary convergence of two parallel tracks in such a way that each set remains independent while traversing the same ground, affording passage at a narrow place without need of switching.套式铁轨：一段铁路轨道，其中两股道由于两条平行轨道暂时会聚而重叠，并使得每一股轨道都各有一根钢轨位于另一股轨道的两根钢轨之间，使得在狭窄的地方不需要换轨〔Oglethorpe〕English soldier, philanthropist, and colonizer. He secured a charter for the colony of Georgia (1732) as a refuge for unemployed debtors newly released from prison.奥格尔索普，詹姆斯·爱德华：(1696-1785) 英国将军，博爱主义者和殖民者。他曾获得使得乔治亚州殖民地(1732年）作为刚从监狱放出的失业债务人的避难所的特许状〔teleran〕An air-traffic control system in which the image of a ground-based radar unit is televised to aircraft in the vicinity so that pilots may see their positions in relation to other aircraft.电视雷达导航系统：把地面雷达的图像播送到邻近地区的飞机中，使得飞行员能看到他们与其它飞机相关位置的空中交通指挥系统〔easy〕Effortless refers to performance in which the application of great strength or skill makes the execution seem easy: Effortless 指因下了大量功夫或运用技能使得办事容易： 〔stack〕To prearrange or fix unfairly so as to favor a particular outcome:秘密事先运作：不公平的预先安排或决定使得出现一特定结果：〔plus〕The construction slowdown plus the bad weather has made for a weak market. 建筑的减少和糟糕的天气使得市场疲软。 〔eager〕The prospect of Christmas left the children agog. 对圣诞节的憧憬使得孩子们兴奋不已 〔pivotal〕"Its pivotal location has also exposed it to periodic invasions"(Henry A. Kissinger)“其地点的重要性也使得它周期性地遭受侵略”(亨利A.基辛格)〔Orlando〕A city of central Florida east-northeast of Tampa. It is a trade and processing center with aerospace and electronics industries. The proximity of Disney World has made the city a popular tourist area. Population, 164,693.奥兰多：美国佛罗里达州中部城市，位于坦帕东北偏东。它是一个航天和电子工业的商业和加工业中心。由于靠近迪斯尼世界而使得该城市成为一个旅游名城。人口164,693〔unimproved〕Not made use of or put to advantage.未经开发利用的：没有利用的或没有使得有利的〔easy〕Less in demand and therefore readily obtainable:需求少的，充裕的：需求少因而使得购买便利：〔bearish〕"Whether or not the[Coast Guard] cutter's presence made bearish the prospects of illicit trade in the outlying islands, there was a prompt mass migration of their inhabitants to the mainland" (Springfield MA Sunday Republican)“无论是否因为 的单桅船出现使得偏远岛屿非法交易的前景暗淡，那些岛上的居民都已立即开始大量地向大陆移民” (斯普林菲尔德MA星期日共和党)〔echo〕One might think that our wordecho is from the name of the nymph Echo, whom Greek mythology associates with echoes.According to one version of her story,she was torn to pieces by shepherds driven to this act by the god Pan, who was hopelessly in love with her.Pieces of Echo hidden in the ground still respond to Pan's frenzied cries,producing the phenomena known as echoes.A second version of her tale has it that Echo, as a penalty for distracting Hera from observing Zeus's infidelities, lost all power of speech,except the ability to reply.This defect lost her the love of Narcissus,which caused Echo to pine away until only her voice was left.The hapless nymph, however, cannot even claim credit for echoesbecause the Greek wordēkhō, the source of Englishecho, existed with our common noun sense before any mention of Echo is found.Our wordecho is first recorded in Middle English in a work composed in 1340. 您可能想到echo 这个词来自仙女埃科的名字， 她在希腊神话中与回声有关。关于她的故事，有一种说法认为，神潘爱她无望，便指使牧羊狗将她撕成碎片。她的碎片藏在地下时仍在回答潘的疯狂叫喊，于是产生了回声。另一种说法是，埃科使得赫拉察觉不到宙斯的不忠，作为惩罚被剥夺了说话的能力，只能重复别人的话。这个缺陷使她失去了纳西色斯的爱情，于是埃科不断憔悴消损，最后只留下她的声音。可惜的是这位不幸的女神并不能因为制造了回声这个词而居功，因为希腊语ekho ， 即英语中echo 的来源， 早在任何关于埃科的故事之前就存在了。我们现在的词echo 最早是在1340年出现于中世纪英文作品中 〔Hanna〕American financier and politician who managed the 1896 and 1900 presidential campaigns of William McKinley and served as a U.S. senator from Ohio (1897-1904).汉纳，马库斯·阿伦佐：(1837-1904) 美国金融家和政治家，曾使得威廉·麦金利在1896年和1900年的总统竞选中获胜， 并于1897-1904年代表俄亥俄州出任美国参议员〔indistinguishable〕indistinguishable twins; a moth with markings that make it indistinguishable from its background.难以分辨的双胞胎；蛾翅膀上的斑纹使得它与背景无法分辨〔shrivel〕To become or make shrunken and wrinkled, often by drying:枯萎：变成或使得枯萎和起皱，通常通过干燥：〔burn〕Parch in this sense emphasizes the drying and often fissuring of a surface from exposure to flame, the sun, or hot wind: Parch 在这个意义上强调因暴露于火中、阳光下或热风中而使得表面干裂： 〔lame〕Disabled so that movement, especially walking, is difficult or impossible:跛的：因为残废而使得移动，尤其是走路，变得困难或根本无法做到的：〔shrivel〕Leaves die, fall, and shrivel. The heat shriveled the unwatered seedlings.叶子凋零、飘落枯萎了；酷热使得未浇水的秧苗都枯萎了〔mobilize〕To become prepared for or as if for war.动员起来：使得为了战争或仿佛为了战争而准备好〔muffle〕The sand muffled the hoofbeats.沙子使得蹄声减弱了〔helotism〕A type of symbiosis, as among certain ants, in which one species is dominant and makes the members of another species perform the tasks required for their mutual survival.共生（现象），役生现象：一种共生（现象），如某些蚂蚁，在这种现象中，一个种处于支配地位，并使得别的种的成员承担他们共同生存所需完成的任务〔gloss〕To make attractive or acceptable by deception or superficial treatment:掩盖：用欺骗或虚假的方法使得有吸引力或可接受：〔rent〕When young people talk about theirrents, that is, their parents, they are using a slang term that is of interest to language historians, if not necessarily thrilling for parents themselves. The term is a prime example of one of the fundamental characteristics of slang, which continually creates novel ways of expressing what are often rather ordinary things (if parents may be considered ordinary things). Slang has recently produced two expressions for "parents" that have gained wide currency— rents and parental units. Both expressions demonstrate slang's use of unusual or creative linguistic means to achieve novelty of expression. While there are many slang terms, such as bod for body or rad for radical, that result from the clipping of unstressed syllables, rents is a clipping that drops a stressed syllable, much like the similar term za, "pizza.” The desire to coin new ways of referring to things also leads speakers of slang to use circumlocutions like knuckle sandwich for "punch.” Parental units falls into this category. It plays on the jargon of bureaucrats and social science, in which the world is viewed as so much data waiting to be quantified. The appearance of terms such as rents and parental units also shows that all available styles and levels of language can be grist for slang's mill—so long as the material is perceived as irreverent, funny, or just plain cool. 年轻人谈论他们的rents （即父母）时，即使肯定不会令他们的父母感到兴奋，他们却使用了一个令语言历史学家很感兴趣的俚语。Rents是俚语一个基本特色的典范，这一基本特色就是不断创造新颖词汇来表示通常极为普通的事物（如果父母会被认为是普通事物的话）。最近俚语中产生了两个"父（母）亲"的词语并被普遍使用── rents 和 parental units 。这两个词语表明俚语用不同寻常的或创造性的语言工具来获取表达上的新颖。虽然因省略非重读音节产生了许多俚语词汇，如用 bod 指body、用 rad 指radical，但 rents 却是省略重读音节后的部分，非常类似相近词汇 za "pizza（比萨饼）"。期望创造指代事物的新词也使得满口俚语的人运用赘语，如用 knuckle sandwich 指"punch（用拳击）"。 Parental units 也属于赘语的范围。它用作官僚主义者的行话以及科学术语，因为对于官僚主义者和科学工作者来讲世界就是等待量化的大量数据。诸如 rents 和 parental units 这些俚语的出现也表明语言现有的全部风格和水平都是俚语的有益补充──只要认为内容是不敬的、有趣的或者纯粹扮酷的 〔estrange〕His persistent antagonism caused his wife to be alienated from him.固执的对立终于使得妻子疏远了他。〔moving〕"The old, rather shabby room struck her as extraordinarily pathetic" (John Galsworthy).“又破又旧的房间使得她满怀同情之心” （约翰·高尔华绥）。〔challenged〕People who object to the termsdisabled and handicapped as being too negative sometimes propose the substitution of challenged instead, as in referring to persons with physical disabilities as physically challenged. While this particular phrase is quite popular, it is sometimes taken to be condescending, and similar usages such as mentally challenged have failed to win equal acceptance. Indeed, the widespread parody of challenged in such expressions as electronically challenged for "inept at using computers" has effectively eliminated it as an all-purpose alternative to disabled or handicapped. 一些觉得使用disabled 和 handicapped 字眼过于负面的人，偶会以委婉的 challenged 代替，如用 physically challenged 指肢体有缺陷。这个特别词汇的使用相当普遍，因为有时会被视为较谦逊的用法，不过相似用法的接受度不一定相同， mentally challenged 这个用法便无法获得相同的认同。事实上，广为流传的 challenged 谐谑用法如以 electronically challenged（计算机残障） 来形容计算机白痴，已使得其全面替代 disabled 或 handicapped 沦为梦想 |
| 随便看 |
|
英汉汉英双解词典收录301015条英汉双解翻译词条，可根据汉字查询相应的英文词汇，基本涵盖了全部常用汉字的英文读音、翻译及用法，是英语学习及翻译工作的有利工具。