| 单词 | 借自 |
| 释义 | 〔run〕Terms for "a small, fast-flowing stream" vary throughout the eastern United States especially.Speakers in the eastern part of the Lower North (including Virginia, West Virginia, Delaware, Maryland, and southern Pennsylvania) use the wordrun, as inBull Run. Speakers in New York State are liable to call such a stream akill (a Dutch borrowing). Brook has come to be used throughout the Northeast. Southerners refer to abranch, and throughout the northern United States the term iscrick, a variant of creek. 在美国东部，用来表示“急流的小河”的词尤其多变。北部低地地区东部（包括弗吉尼亚、西弗吉尼亚、特拉华、马里兰和宾夕法尼亚南部）用run ， 如在Bull run 中。 纽约州用kill （借自荷兰语）表示这样的河流。 整个东北部已开始用Brook 。 南方人用branch ， 美国北部则用crick （ cleek 的变体） 〔mascot〕The wordmascot, which usually denotes something or someone that brings good luck, enjoys a positive meaning that is a distinct improvement over the meanings of some of its ancestors. Mascot came into English as a borrowing of the French wordmascotte, meaning "mascot, charm.”The English word is first recorded in 1881 shortly after the French word, itself first recorded in 1867,was popularized by the operaLa Mascotte, performed in December 1880. The French word in turn came from the Modern Provençal wordmascoto, "piece of witchcraft, charm, amulet,”a feminine diminutive ofmasco, "witch.” This word can probably be traced back to Late Latinmasca, "witch, specter.”Perhaps a mascot is as powerful as people think;fortunately, it is now in our corner.mascot 这个词通常指能够带来好运的某物或某人， 与其最早来源的几个词的词意相比，这个词所具有的褒义色彩是明显的进步。 Mascot 是借自法语的mascotte， 意思是“符咒，魔力。”该法语词的记录1867年出现不久，就在1881年有了这个英语词汇的最早记录，因1880年12月演出的一出歌剧La Mascotte 而流传开来。 法语中单词来源于现代普罗旺斯语mascoto ， 意思是“女巫的魔法，魔术，护身符”，一个意为“女巫”的masco 的阴性小词。 这个词可能追溯到后期拉丁语的masca ， 意为“女巫，幻象”。或许吉祥物这个词是指象人们想的一样魔力无边；幸运的是，它被我们记录进来了〔pal〕Pal, like buddy and chum, has an informal,thoroughly "American" ring to it.One might think thatpal had been a fixture in the English language forever. In fact,pal is a fairly recent acquisition from a rather exotic source—the language of the Gypsies. First recorded in English in the 17th century,pal was borrowed from Romany, the Indic language of the Gypsies,specifically from a word meaning "brother, comrade,”which occurs asphal in the Romany spoken in England andphral in the Romany spoken in Europe. Gypsies speak an Indic languagebecause they originally migrated to Europe from the border region between Iran and India.In other Indic languages we find related words meaning "brother,”such as Hindustanibhāi, Prakritbhāda or bhāyā, and Sanskrit bhrātā. All these terms trace their ancestry to the same Indo-European word that our wordbrother does. Pal 与 buddy 和 chum 一样， 都有不正式的，完全“美国式”的圈。一个人可能会认为pal 永远是英国语言中的固定词。 但实际上，pal 是最近从外来语源——吉普赛语言中获得的。 最早在17世纪被记录于英语中，pal 借自吉普赛语， 即吉普赛人说的印度语言，特别是从意为“兄弟，同志”的一个词而来，它在英格兰的吉普赛语中写成phal， 在欧洲所讲的吉普赛语中写成phral 。 因为吉普赛人最初是从伊朗和印度的边界地区移居到欧洲的，因此他们讲一种印度语言，在另一种印度语言里我们可以找到意为“兄弟”的相关词，如兴都斯坦的bhai， 帕拉克里语的bhada 或 bhaya 以及梵语的 bhrata 。 所有这些词和我们的词语brother 一样都可追溯到相同的印欧词源 〔husband〕We gain an insight into the history of the wordhusband by considering the Old English word hūsbōnde, meaning "the mistress of a house.”Ifhūsbōnde had survived into Modern English, husband, its modern form, would have been very ambiguous.The fact thathūsbōnde could mean "mistress of a house" helps us see the elements that make up the Old English ancestor of our wordhusband. Hūscorresponds to house. The element-bōnde is the feminine form of -bōnda, the second element of Old Englishhūsbōnda. The entire Old English word is a borrowing of the Old Icelandic wordhūsbōndi, meaning "the master of a house.”The second element inhūsbōndi, bōndi, means "a man who has land and stock" and comes from the verbbūa, meaning "to live, dwell, have a household.” The master of the house was of course usually the spouse of a wife as well,and it would seem that our main current sense ofhusband arises from this overlap. 考察一下古英语中husbonde 这个词，我们就会对 husband 这个词的历史有一定了解， 意思是“房子的女主人”。假如husbonde 这个词能留存在现代英语中， 作为husbonde 的现代形式， 它的意思会变得很模糊。husbonde 的意思是“房子的女主人”， 这有助于我们找出那些构成古英语中我们今天的husband这个词的前身。 Hus对应 house 。 -bonde 是 -bonda 的阴性形式， 古英语中 husbonda 的第二个部分。 这个古英语中的词整体上借自冰岛语中的 husbondi ， 意思是“房子的男主人”。husbondi, bondi 第二部分的意思是“一个拥有土地和牲畜的男子”， 它来自动词 bua ，意思是“生活、居住、拥有一个家”。 一座房子的男主人当然通常也是妻子的配偶，看起来今天husband 这个词的中心意思源于这种重叠 〔gallery〕In Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and southern Alabama,an open roofed porch that runs along at least one side of a house is called agallery: "Out on the small front gallery she had hung Bobinôt's Sunday clothes to air" (Kate Chopin).Craig M. Carver, the author ofAmerican Regional Dialects, points out that the word gallery, from Old French galerie, was borrowed into British English in the 15th century and was brought over to the American colonies by English-speaking settlers.Although the word in the sense "porch" did not survive in the American English of the East Coast,it was borrowed separately, probably from Acadian French,into the English of 18th-century Louisianaand there survived as part of the Gulf Southern dialect.在得克萨斯州、阿肯色州、路易斯安那州、密西西比和南部阿拉巴马，至少在房屋的一侧延伸出来的一种敞开屋顶的门廊被称作gallery： “出了前面的小门廊，她把博比内的最好的衣服晾在那里” （凯特·肖邦）。美国区域方言 的作者克雷格·M·卡弗尔指出 gallery 来源于古代法语 galerie ， 在15世纪借入英语并由讲英语的殖民者带入美国殖民地。虽然该词当作“门廊”的意义没有在东海岸的美式英语中保存下来，但是它很有可能被分开借自阿卡迪亚的法语，并在18世纪进入路易斯安那英语，并在那里保存下来而成为南部港口方言的一部分〔sleuth〕To track down the history of the wordsleuth requires a bit of etymological sleuthing in itself.The immediate ancestor of our word is the compoundsleuthhound, "a dog, such as a bloodhound, used for tracking or pursuing.”This term took on a figurative sense,"tracker, pursuer,”which is closely related to the sense "detective.”Fromsleuthhound came the shortened form sleuth, recorded in the sense "detective" as early as 1872.The first part of the termsleuthhound means "track, path, trail,” and is first recorded in a Middle English work written probably around 1200.The Middle English word, which had the formsloth, with eu representing the Scots development of the Middle English (ō), was a borrowing of the Old Norse word slōdh, "a track or trail.” 要追溯sleuth 这个词的历史， 需要进行一点词源追踪。我们这个词最直接的来源是sleuthhound 这个复合词， 它的意思是“一种用于跟踪和追逐的狗，如警犬”。这个词获得了一种修辞上的意思，“跟踪者，追逐者”，这与“侦探”这个意义非常贴近。从sleuthhound 这个词产生了其缩写的形式 sleuth ， 早在1872年就有了“侦探”这个意思的文字记载。sleuthhound 这个词的前半部意思是“路径、道路或途径”， 它最早被记载在1200年左右的中世纪英语作品中。中世纪英语中的这个词借自古代挪威语中的slōdh ，“路径或途径”，它的形式是 sloth ，其后的 eu 代表了苏格兰语对中世纪英语(ō)的发展 〔pilot〕The pilot of an aircraft flying through the air has a foot on the ground not literallybut etymologically.If we poke around in the etymological soil for the roots of the wordpilot, we find that it goes back to the Indo-European rootped-, meaning "foot.” From the lengthened-grade suffixed formpēdo- came the Greek word pēdon, "blade of an oar,” and in the plural, "rudder.” In Medieval Greekthere is assumed to have existed the derivativepēdōtēs, "steersman,” which passed into Old Italian and acquired several forms,includingpedota, and pilota, the form that was borrowed into Old French aspilot. English borrowed the word from French,and aspilot it has moved from the water to the air, first being recorded in 1848 with reference to an airborne pilot—a balloonist.飞行员一脚踩地飞进天空这句话字面上虽讲不通，但在词源上却可以。如果为找到pilot 的根源而溯其词源， 我们会发现它源自印欧语系词根ped- 意为“脚”。 从加长的这个词根的后缀形式pedo- 我们得到希腊词语 pedon “桨叶”及复数形式，“舵”。 在中世纪的希腊，据称曾存在派生词pedotes “舵手”， 该词进了古意大利语并添了一些形式，包括pedota 和 pilota ， 这些形式被法语借用过来，便成了pilot 。 英语又借自法语，随着pilot 从水上被移用到天上， 于1848年第一次用来指天上飞行员——热气球驾驶员 |
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