| 单词 | 做法 |
| 释义 | 〔so〕So is frequently used in informal speech to string together the elements of a narrative. This practice should not be carried over into formal writing,where the absence of contextual information generally requires that connections be made more explicit. ·Critics have sometimes objected to the use ofso as an intensive meaning "to a great degree or extent,” as inWe were so relieved to learn that the deadline had been extended. This usage is most common in informal contexts,perhaps because unlike the neutralvery, it presumes that the listener or reader will be sympathetic with the speaker's evaluation of the situation. (Thus one would be more apt to sayIt was so unfair of them not to invite you than to sayIt was so fortunate that I didn't have to put up with your company. ) For just this reason,the construction may occasionally be used to good effect in more formal contexts to invite the reader to take the point of view of the speaker or subject: 在非正式的讲话中，so 经常被用来连接叙述的成分。 但是这种做法不能带入正式的写作当中，上下文信息的缺乏通常要求连接明确。批评家们有些时候对so 被用来表示强调的意思“很大程度”提出反对， 如在我们得知最后期限已被推迟的消息时感到了极大的放松 中。 这种用法在非正式的文章中最常用，也许是因为和中性的very 不同， 它假定听众或读者能对讲话者对形势的评价引起共鸣。（因此人们通常会说他们没有邀请你是多么不公平 ， 而不是说多幸运啊，我不必再成为你的朋友 )。 正因为这个原因，这个结构有时在正式的文章中也有很好的作用，使读者接受说话人或主题的观点： 〔enchantress〕A woman who practices magic; a sorceress.做法术的女人；女巫〔carouse〕The origin of the wordcarouse can be found in a German interjection that meant "time to leave the bar.” Germangaraus, which is derived from the phrase gar ("all") aus ("out"), meaning "all out,” then came to mean "drink up, bottoms up,” and "a last drink before closing time.”The English borrowed this noun, with the meaning "the practice of sitting around drinking until closing time,”sometimes spelling the wordgaraus but usually spelling it closer to the way it is spelled today.Soon after the word is first recorded as a noun in 1559,we find the verbcarouse, in 1567. 单词carouse 的词源可以在意为“是离开酒吧的时候了”的日耳曼语感叹词中找到。 日耳曼语garaus 是从短语 gar （“所有的”） aus （“出去”），即“竭尽全力。全力以赴”的意思中衍生出来的； 接着又表示“喝光，干杯”和“打烊前的最后一杯”的意思。英语中借用这个名词，意为“坐着饮酒直至打烊的做法”；有时拼写成garaus ， 但通常其拼写更接近于现今的拼法。该词于1559年首次做名词记录下来后，我们很快地在1567年发现了动词carouse 〔polygamy〕The condition or practice of having more than one spouse at one time. Also called plural marriage 多配偶（制）：同时拥有一个以上配偶的状况或做法 也作 plural marriage〔hygiene〕Conditions and practices that serve to promote or preserve health:保健法：有助于提高健康水平或保持健康的环境或做法：〔discipline〕A set of rules or methods, as those regulating the practice of a church or monastic order.教规，戒律：一套规则或做法，如教堂或寺院里规定的教规戒律〔predation〕The act or practice of plundering or marauding.掠夺行为：掠夺或劫掠的行为或做法〔toady〕A toady is not a pleasant individual,and the origin of the word makes being a toady even less pleasant.Toady is obviously derived from the word toad. The-y suffix can have diminutive force, and the earliest recorded sense (around 1690) oftoady (now obsolete), "a little or young toad,” illustrates this force. The sense we know has nothing to do with baby toadsbut rather with the practice of certain quacks or charlatans who claimed that they could cast out poison.Toads were thought to be poisonous,so these charlatans would have an attendant eat a toad or pretend to eat oneand then remove the poison from the attendant.Such an attendant is obviously a type of person who would do anything,and thustoadeater (first recorded 1629) was the perfect name for a flattering, fawning parasite. Toadeater and the verb derived from it, toadeat, influenced the sense of the noun and verb toad and the noun toady, so that both nouns could mean "sycophant"and the verbtoady could mean "to act like a toady to someone.” 拍马者并不是一个讨人喜欢的人，这个词的来源使做拍马者这种作法更加不令人喜欢。Toady 很显然是从 toad 这个词衍生而来。 后缀-y 可以有一种指小的效力， Toady 这个词最早有记载(1690年左右）的含义“一只小或幼年蟾蜍”（现已废弃）正说明了这种效力。 我们现在知道的含义与年幼的蟾蜍没有什么关系，而与某些宣称能够驱毒的冒牌医生或江湖郎中的某些做法有关。当时人们认为蟾蜍有毒，所以这些江湖朗中会叫一个手下人吃下一只蟾蜍或假装吃下一只蟾蜍，然后把毒物从他的手下人身体中驱除出去。很明显，这样一个帮手是一种什么事都会做的人，这样，用toadeater （最早记载于1629年）这个词来称呼奉承拍马的寄生者是再合适不过了。 Toadeater 和从它衍生而来的动词 toadeat 影响了作为名词或动词的 toad 和作为名词 toady 的含义， 于是二个名词都可以理解为“拍马者”的意思，而动词toady 有“在某人面前象一个拍马者一样行动”的意思 〔unreconstructed〕Not reconciled to social, political, or economic change; maintaining outdated attitudes, beliefs, and practices.顽固的：不妥协于社会，政治，或经济的变化的；固守过时的态度，信仰和做法的〔opinion〕It is wise to seek a second medical opinion before submitting to surgery.在决定做手术之前再寻找另外一种手段是聪明的做法。〔apartheid〕Any policy or practice of separating or segregating groups.隔离政策，种族隔离政策：隔离或种族隔离的政策或做法〔last〕To continue in force or practice:持久：在力量或做法上持久：〔custom〕A habitual practice of a person:习惯：某人的习惯性做法：〔unwritten〕Having authority based on custom, tradition, or usage rather than documentation:不成文而有效力的：基于习俗，传统，或习惯的做法而非文献的规定具有效力的：〔prostitution〕The act or practice of engaging in sex acts for hire.卖淫：从事肉体交易的行为或做法〔rock〕He has an easygoing managerial style and won't rock the boat unless absolutely necessary.他有一套很随意的经营作风，除非极有必要否则不会改变自己一惯的做法〔tokenism〕"Tokenism does not change stereotypes of social systems but works to preserve them, since it dulls the revolutionary impulse"(Mary Daly)“装点门面这种做法并不改变社会制度的模式，反而可以巩固这种制度，因为它可以磨灭革命的冲动”(玛丽·戴利)〔persecution〕The act or practice of persecuting on the basis of race, religion, sexual orientation, or beliefs that differ from those of the persecutor.虐待，残害，迫害：因在种族、宗教、性的倾向或信仰上与迫害者不同而遭迫害的行为或做法〔meme〕A unit of cultural information, such as a cultural practice or idea, that is transmitted verbally or by repeated action from one mind to another.谜米：文化信息的单位，诸如文化做法或想法，以口头或重复性行为从一个人的思想传递到另一个人的思想〔vegetarianism〕The practice of subsisting on a diet composed primarily or wholly of vegetables, grains, fruits, nuts, and seeds, with or without eggs and dairy products.素食主义：靠食用主要或全部由蔬菜、谷物、水果、干果和种子构成的（包括或不包括蛋类和乳制品）日常食物，维持生存的做法〔course〕A mode of action or behavior:行为，做法：行动或行为的方针：〔exorcism〕The act, practice, or ceremony of exorcising.驱邪：祛邪的行为、做法或仪式〔polemics〕The practice of theological controversy to refute errors of doctrine.争辩学：运用神学上的辩论来驳倒谬信的做法〔tattoo〕The practice of tattooing the body is prehistoric,but the English wordtattoo was introduced fairly recently. Our word came from Polynesian languages such as Tahitian and Samoanand was introduced to English speakers by the explorer Capt. James Cook (who also gave us the wordtaboo ). The earliest use of the verbtattoo in English is found in 1769 in his account of a voyage around the world from 1768 to 1771. Cook also used a noun in his writings of 1769but treated it as a native wordso he is not given credit for the first use of the noun in English (recorded in 1777).In any event,sailors introduced the custom into Europe from the Pacific societies in which it was practiced,and it has remained associated with sailors,although many other people have tattoos as well.尽管在身体上刺出花纹这一做法在史前就已存在，但英语中tattoo 一词却是在距离现在较近的时候才被引入的。 我们这个词源于塔西提语或萨摩亚语等波利尼西亚语族，它是由探险家詹姆斯·库克船长介绍给英语使用者的（库克同时也给了我们taboo 一词）。 动词tattoo 在英语中的首次使用见于库克关于他在1768年-1771年所做的一次环球航行记录中。 库克在他1769年的日志中也把这个词用作一个名词，但因为他只是把它作为一个土著人的词汇对待，所以人们不认为他是第一个在英语中使用该词名词形式的人（记录于1777年）。但不管怎样，是水手们将这种原本是太平洋岛屿社会中的习俗带入欧洲的，所以直到今天这种做法仍然和水手们联系在一起，虽然各种职业的人们都在身上刺花纹〔unlearn〕To undo the effect of; put aside the practice of:消除；去除：消除…的效果；去除…的做法：〔use〕Accustomed or usual procedure or practice.习惯，惯例：习惯的或通常的程序或做法〔fuss〕The longer working hours caused a big fuss.延长工作时间的做法引起了强烈反对〔submarine〕The long sandwich featuring layers of meat and cheese on a crusty Italian roll goes by a variety of names.Submarine, sub, and hero are widespread terms, not assignable to any particular region.Most of the localized terms are clustered in the northeast United States,where the greatest numbers of Italian Americans live.Jane Stern, having studied the great variety of American names for this sandwich, finds that upstate New Yorkers call it abomber, while speakers downstate refer to awedge. In the Delaware Valley,including Philadelphia and southern New Jersey,the sandwich is called ahoagie. In Italian restaurants in New England the menu is likely to include agrinder. Speakers in Miami use the nameCuban sandwich and in Maine,Italian sandwich, but in the southern Midwest, according to Stern, the nameItalian is common, with both Italian and Italian sandwich recapturing the authentic nationality of the sandwich. In New Orleansthe same sandwich is called apoor boy and is likely to be offered in a most un-Italian version featuring fried oysters.在意大利长圆面包上放上几层肉和干酪而做成的长三明治，已有好几个名称。Submarine，sub 以及 hero 是使用最为广泛的名称， 而并非哪个地区的专用。这种三明治的大多数地方性名称集中于美国东北部地区，那里是居住意裔美国人最多的地方。简·斯特恩在对这种三明治的各种美国名称进行研究后发现，纽约州北部的居民称之为bomber（轰炸机） ， 而纽约州南部的居民称之为wedge（楔形物） 。 在特拉华河谷，包括费城和新泽西南部，这种三明治叫做hoagie 。 在新英格兰的意大利饭馆的菜单上，它称为grinder 。 迈阿密人则使用古巴三明治 这个名称， 而缅因州人使用意大利三明治 这个名称。 依据斯特恩的研究，在中西部的南部，人们普遍使用Italian（意大利式） 这一名称，或者就叫它 意大利式 ，或者称之为 意大利三明治 。这两个名称都反映了该三明治的原产国。 在新奥尔良，相同的三明治又叫做可怜的男孩 ， 而其做法绝对是非意大利式的，因为当中夹有牡蛎〔turnover〕A small pastry made by covering one half of a piece of dough with fruit, preserves, or other filling and folding the other half over on top.馅饼：一种半圆形的小馅饼，做法是在半块面团上，放上水果、蜜饯或其它馅，而把另一半折压在上面〔modernism〕Modern thought, character, or practice.现代的想法，性格：现代的想法，性格或做法〔oneiromancy〕The practice of predicting the future through interpretation of dreams.占梦，解梦，圆梦：一种通过解释梦境去预测未来的做法〔stink〕This job stinks.这个做法糟透了〔plunder〕The act or practice of plundering.抢劫，掠夺：劫掠的行为或做法〔impressionism〕The practice of expressing or developing one's subjective response to a work of art or to actual experience.印象手法：表达或发展对艺术作品或真实经历的主观反应的做法〔overkill〕An excess of what is necessary or appropriate for a particular end:过分，过分行为：超出为达到某目的所需或合适的做法行为：〔suttee〕The now illegal act or practice of a Hindu widow's cremating herself on her husband's funeral pyre in order to fulfill her true role as wife.殉夫自焚：印度旧时寡妇为完成作为妻子的真正职责在其丈夫葬礼上以柴堆自焚，现在是一种非法行为或做法〔proselytism〕The practice of proselytizing.改变信仰：改变宗教信仰的做法〔conventionality〕A conventional act, idea, or practice.俗套：符合惯例或传统的行为、思想或做法〔habit〕Customary manner or practice:习性：习惯性的举止或做法：〔oralism〕The theory or practice of teaching hearing-impaired or deaf persons to communicate by means of spoken language.口语教学法：教育听障或失聪者以口语方式沟通的理论与做法 |
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