| 单词 | 创作 |
| 释义 | 〔scold〕A scold is no poet and a scolding is not poetry, at least to the one being scolded,but it seems that the wordscold has a poetic background. It is probable thatscold, which is first recorded in Middle English in a work probably composed around 1150, has a Scandinavian source that is related to the Old Icelandic wordskāld, "poet.” Middle Englishscolde may in fact mean "a minstrel,” but of that we are not sure.However, its Middle English meanings, "a ribald, abusive person" and "a shrewish, chiding woman,”may be related toskāld, as shown by the senses of some of the Old Icelandic words derived fromskāld. Old Icelandicskāldskapr, for example, meant "poetry" in a good sense but also "a libel in verse,” whileskāld-stöng meant "a pole with imprecations or charms scratched on it.” It would seem that libelous, cursing verse was a noted part of at least some poets' productions and that this association with poets passed firmly along with the Scandinavian borrowing into English.骂人者不是诗人，谩骂不是诗，至少对被骂的人来说是这样的，但是scold 这个词似乎有着诗的背景。 Scold 这个词在中世纪英语中第一次被记录在一部大约于1150年创作的作品中，它有可能源于斯堪的纳维亚语， 与skald 这个在冰岛古语中表示“诗人”的词有关。 中世纪英语中的scolde 实际上可能意为“吟游诗人”， 但对此没有肯定说法。然而，它在中世纪英语中的意思是“说脏话、辱骂人的人”和“悍泼的、好骂人的女人”，可能与skald 有关， 如一些起源于skald 的冰岛古词语的意思显示的那样。 例如，古冰岛语中的skaldskapr 其褒义为“诗”，但也有“诽谤性的诗”的意思, 而skald-stong 意思是“刻有诅咒或符咒的杆子”。 看来，诽谤、辱骂性的诗歌至少是一些诗人作品突出的部分并与诗人这种联系稳步地随斯堪的纳维亚语被借入英语中〔ideal〕"It wouldn't be quite fair to test him by our standards" (William Dean Howells).Apattern serves as a model, plan, or guide in the creation of something: “用我们的标准来衡量他是不公平的” （威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯）。pattern 是指进行创作时遵循的样本、计划或向导： 〔compose〕To create or produce (a literary or musical piece).创作：创作或制作（文学或音乐作品）〔improvisatory〕improvisatory skill.即兴诗人创作的技巧〔create〕create a poem; create a role.创作一首诗；塑造一个角色〔opus〕Abbr. op.,Op.A creative work, especially a musical composition numbered to designate the order of a composer's works.缩写 op.,Op.原创作品：原创作品，尤指一套以编号标明作曲者创作时间的先后的音乐作品〔Pushkin〕Russian writer who wrote the novelEugene Onegin (1831), the play Boris Godunov (1831), and many narrative and lyrical poems and short stories. 普希金，亚历山大·塞尔戈维奇：(1799-1837) 俄国作家，他创作了小说《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》 （1831年），剧本 《鲍里斯·戈都诺夫》 （1831年），以及许多叙事性和散文性诗和短篇小说 〔subliterary〕Not written as or intended to be literature:并非作为文学而创作的：〔Drayton〕English poet who produced a wide range of works, including sonnets, dramas, satires, and eclogues, such as those inIdea, The Shepherd's Garland (1593). 德雷顿，迈克尔：(1563-1631) 英国诗人，创作了各种体裁的作品包括十四行诗、诗剧、讽刺诗与田园诗，如《思想，牧羊人的花环》 （1593年） 〔Cage〕American composer of avant-garde works, such asSonatas and Interludes for a piano with its strings damped by wood and metal (1946-1948). 凯奇，小约翰·米尔顿：(生于 1912) 创作前卫派作品的美国作曲家，如《奏鸣曲和间奏曲》 为琴弦被木料和金属损坏了的钢琴（1946年到1948年）而作 〔prewriting〕The creation and arrangement of ideas preliminary to writing.构思：在写作之前的创作和想法的整理〔plantation〕It has probably seemed ironic to more than one reader that the same wordplantation appears in the name Plimoth Plantation, a settlement of people seeking freedom of religion,albeit their particular form of religion,and also as the term for the estates of the pre-Civil War Southwith their beautiful mansions for the white elite and their hovels for the oppressed Black slaves.These two uses of the wordplantation illustrate two sense developments of the word, which is first recorded in Middle English asplantacioun in a work probably written during the first quarter of the 15th century. Latinplantātiō, the source of our English word, originally meant "propagation of a plant, as from cuttings,”but in Medieval Latin developed other related senses,such as "planting,” "foundation, establishment,” and "nursery, or collection of growing plants that have been planted.”The two senses that were used in New England and in the South can thus be explained.The Plimoth sense is derived from the notion of a settlement or colony that has been established or planted in a new country.The Southern sense goes back to the notion of simply planting crops,in this casecrops such as tobacco or cottonthat are grown on estates or farms in subtropical or tropical climatesand were at one time worked by slave labor.同样的单词plantation 出现在名称 Plimoth Plantation （普利茅斯种植园）中，这对不止一名读者来说，可能看起来是具讽刺意味的， 该名称指寻求宗教自由的人的小型社区，虽然他们的宗教形式很特别，也是作为内战前南方庄园的术语，指供高贵白种人居住的漂亮公馆和受压迫的黑人奴隶居住的破旧茅屋。单词plantation 的这两种用法说明了这个单词两种意思的发展， 其以可能于15世纪最初二十五年创作的一部作品中的plantacioun 形式首次记录进中世纪英语。 拉丁文plantatio 是我们这个英语单词的词源， 最初意为“植物的繁殖，如通过供插栽小枝，”但是在中世纪拉丁文中又发展了其它的相关的意思，例如“种植、”“建立、设立”和“苗圃或已被种植的活的植物的集合。”这样，用在新英格兰和南方的这两种意思就能够解释了。普利茅斯种植园的意思是从在新的国家中建立或移民的新拓居地或殖民地的概念中引申出来的。南方庄园的意思则可追溯到简易耕种作物的概念上来，在这种情况下，例如烟草或棉花等农作物，生长在亚热带或热带气候的庄园或农场，且一段时间以来由奴隶种植〔Soyinka〕Nigerian writer known for his important contributions to the development of Nigerian theater and literature. His plays includeA Dance of the Forests (1960) and A Play of Giants (1984). Soyinka won the 1986 Nobel Prize for literature. 索英卡，沃勒：(生于 1934) 尼日利亚作家，对尼日利亚戏剧和文学的发展曾作出过极大贡献。他创作的戏剧包括《森林之舞》 （1960年）和 《巨人的演出》 （1984年）。索英卡获得1986年诺贝尔文学奖 〔Vasari〕Italian painter, architect, and art historian who wroteLives of the Most Imminent Italian Architects, Painters, and Sculptors (1550), a history of Renaissance art. 瓦萨里 ，乔吉奥：(1511-1574) 意大利画家、建筑师和艺术历史学家，他创作了《最迫近的意大利建筑师、画家和雕塑家的生活》 （1550年），这是一部关于文艺复兴艺术的历史 〔Clemens〕American author and humorist who drew on his childhood along the Mississippi River to create masterpieces of humor and sarcasm, includingTom Sawyer (1876) and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884). 克莱门斯，塞缪尔·兰霍恩：(1835-1910) 美国作家、幽默作家，他曾回顾其密西西比河边的童年时光，创作了杰出的幽默和讽刺小品，包括《汤姆·索亚历险记》 （1876年）和 《虎克尔佰瑞·芬恩历险记》 （1884年） 〔native〕Bartók collected autochthonous folk melodies and used them in his compositions.鲍尔托克采集当地的民间旋律并把它们用于自己的创作中。〔antiphony〕"Sheridan's play shows both sides of the coin. He establishes an antiphony of cynicism and sentimentality"(Jonathan Miller)“谢里丹的戏剧表现了硬币的两面性。他创作了愤世疾俗和伤感的相互呼应”(乔纳森·米勒)〔Shakespeareana〕A collection of items by or relating to Shakespeare.莎士比亚的：由莎士比亚创作的或有关其作品集的〔psalmody〕The composition or arranging of psalms for singing.赞美诗音乐改编：创作和改编赞美诗用于歌唱〔Weld〕American abolitionist whose pamphletSlavery As It Is (1839) inspired Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. 魏尔德，狄奥多尔·德怀特：(1803-1895) 美国废奴主义运动者。他的宣传小册子《奴隶制度现状》 （1839年）激起了哈丽雅特·比彻·斯托创作了小说 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》 〔Telemann〕German composer of the late baroque period. He wrote orchestral suites, chamber works, and operas.泰勒曼，格奥尔格·菲利普：(1681-1767) 德国巴洛克时期晚期作曲家，他创作了管弦乐组曲、室内乐作品和歌剧〔Bely〕Russian writer. A symbolist, he produced ornate, complex novels, such asThe Silver Dome (1910) and Kotik Letayev (1918). 贝雷，安德烈：(1880-1934) 俄国作家。象征主义者，创作华美、复杂的小说，如《银制的圆屋顶》 （1910年）和 《科蒂克·莱特耶夫》 （1918年） 〔poet〕from poiein [to create] * see k wei- 2源自 poiein [创造；创作] * 参见 k wei- 2〔Roman〕Of, relating to, or composed in the Latin language.罗马字的：属于、有关或用拉丁语创作的〔Rose〕American impresario and songwriter who producedCrazy Quilt (1931) and other musical comedies and wrote several popular songs, including "Me and My Shadow.” 罗斯，比利：(1899-1966) 美国乐团指挥及歌曲作者，他创作了《疯狂的棉被》 （1931年）和其它音乐喜剧，还写了一些包括“我和我的影子”等流行歌曲 〔McCartney〕British musician who as a member of the Beatles, a popular music group (1960-1971), wrote many notable songs with John Lennon, includingLove Me Do (1962) and A Day in the Life (1967). 麦卡尼，（詹姆斯）保罗：(生于 1942) 英国音乐家，为甲壳虫流行乐队的成员（1960-1971年），他曾与约翰·列农共同创作大量歌曲，其中有《爱我吧》 （1962年）和 《生命中的一天》 （1967年） 〔Lysippus〕Greek sculptor who was active during the reign of Alexander the Great. He created figures that were more lifelike than traditional forms.利西波斯：希腊雕刻家，活跃于亚历山大大帝在位时期。他创作的人物比传统的造型更具真实感〔Henze〕German composer. Best known for his operaThe Bassarids (1965), he has also composed symphonies, ballets, and lieder. 亨策，汉斯·威那：德国作曲家，以他的歌剧《酒神的伴侣》 （1965年）最为人著称，他也曾经创作交响曲、芭雷舞曲及德国抒情歌曲 〔primitive〕Of or relating to the work of an artist from a nonindustrial, often tribal culture, especially a culture that is characterized by a low level of economic complexity.原始艺术作品的：属于或关于非工业化的文化，特指经济发展状况水平低下的氏族文化的艺术家所创作的作品的〔manufacture〕To create, produce, or turn out in a mechanical manner:粗制滥造：以一种机械的方式创作、制作或完成：〔Shawn〕American dancer and choreographer noted for his partnership with Ruth Saint Denis. Together they founded the Denishawn Dance School (1915), for which he choreographed works based on Native American themes.肖恩，特德：(1891-1972) 美国舞蹈家和舞蹈设计家，以他与鲁斯·圣丹尼斯的合作关系著名，他们一起创建了丹尼斯-肖恩舞蹈学校(1915年），他基于土著美洲主题为学校创作了芭蕾舞作品〔principle〕Despite generations of spelling lessons,the wordsprinciple and principal are still commonly confused. Perhaps an understanding of their history will help in keeping them straight.Both words go back to the same Latin word,prīnceps, meaning "first, as in time, position, or authority.”The split that has caused all the trouble occurred in the next stage of development.Fromprīnceps were derived the noun prīncipium, "start, origin, guiding principle,” the adjectiveprīncipālis, "first in importance or esteem,” and the noun prīncipālis, "a leading citizen.” Clearly the latter two words with theā between the p and the l have given us the adjectiveprincipal (first recorded around 1300) and the noun principal (also first recorded in a work composed around 1300).Perhaps it should not be mentioned that one Middle English spelling for the noun wasprinciple. On the other hand,the Latin wordprīncipium and its Old French descendant principe were involved in the creation of the word principle in Middle English, first recorded in a work written around 1380.Words likemanciple and participle influenced the spelling of this new word, but again perhaps we should keep silent about the fact that we also find the word spelledprincipal and prinsipal in Middle English. A key point to remember about these seemingly aberrant Middle English spellings isthat in Middle English spelling was not nearly as fixed as it usually is today,a development that was much furthered by the invention of printing.When we interchange spellings forprinciple and principal, we are doing something that would have been less of a fault in the days before the conformity imposed on us by this marvelous invention. 尽管在拼写课上反复强调，principle 和 principal 还是被人们搞混。 或许了解一下这两个词的历史有助于我们弄清楚它们的拼写。两个词都可追溯到同一个拉丁词princeps， 意为“在时间，地位或权威上第一的”。引起所有麻烦的分裂出现在发展过程的下一个阶段。从princeps 派生出了名词 principium， 意为“开端，根源，指导性原则，” 形容词principalis “最重要的或最受尊敬的”及名词 principalis 意为“处于领导地位的公民”。 显然，后两个词在p 和 l 之间带有 ā， 这就使我们有了形容词principal （最早记录于1300年左右）和名词 principal （最早记录也是在大约1300年左右创作的作品中）。或许我们不应提到这个名词在中古英语中的一种拼法是principle 。 另一方面，拉丁词principium 和其古法词的派生词 principe 共同作用创造了中古英语单词 principle， 最早记录于写于约1380年的一部作品。象manciple 和 participle 这样的单词都影响了这个新单词的拼写， 但是或许我们应该再一次对于这个单词也曾在中古英语中被拼写成principal 和 prinsipal 这一事实保持沉默。 记住这些在中古英语中貌似反常的拼写的关键在于，在中古英语中的拼写方式几乎不象今天这么固定，因为当时还没有发明印刷术。当这项神奇的发明把拼写一致的原则加到我们头上之前，我们把principle 和 principal 的拼写互相交换，也算不上什么大错 〔Beowulf〕The legendary hero of an anonymous Old English epic poem believed to have been composed in the early eighth century. Beowulf slays the monster Grendel and its mother, becomes king of the Geats, and dies fighting a dragon.裴欧沃夫：被认为创作于公元8世纪早期的，英国无名氏所作的一部古老史诗中的传奇英雄。贝奥伍尔弗杀死妖怪格伦德尔及妖怪的母亲，成为耶牙特的国王，死于与一条龙的争斗中〔Merrick〕American theatrical producer whose many successful Broadway productions includeBecket (1960) and Hello Dolly! (1965). 梅里克，戴维：(生于 1912) 美国戏剧创作人，他成功创作了众多的百老汇戏剧，包括《贝凯》 （1960年）和 《喂，漂亮姑娘!》 （1965年） 〔Polyclitus〕Greek sculptor and architect known for his bronze and marble statues of athletes.波利克里托斯：古希腊雕塑家和建筑师，以其创作的青铜和大理石的运动员雕塑而闻名〔tunesmith〕One who composes melodies, especially for popular songs.作曲者：创作乐曲的人，尤指为流行歌曲作曲的人〔Gilbert〕American composer who was the first to base his works, such asNocturne, after Whitman (1925), wholly on American folk music themes. 吉尔伯特，亨利·富兰克林·贝尔克奈普：(1868-1928) 美国作曲家，他是第一个完全以民间音乐的主题为基础创作自己的作品，如《夜曲·惠特曼之后》 （1925年） 〔vampire〕Dracula might terrify some younger members in the audience of a horror film,but we know he is an imaginary creature.The wordvampire, however, comes to us from other words and other times, when these bloodsucking reanimated corpses were considered real. The word entered English by way of French (vampire ) and German ( Vampir ), but it came into German from an Old West Slavic source of the form.vŭmpir. The wordvampire is first recorded in English in a work written before 1734. 德拉库拉可能会吓住恐怖电影的年轻观众们，但是我们知道他是个想象中的怪物。但是当这些吸血的复活尸体被认为是真的时，vampire 这个词却来自其它的词和其它时间。 这个词是从法语(vampire )和德语( Vampir )中被引进英语来的， 但它是从古西斯拉夫语中以vumpir 的形式被引进到德语中来的。 Vampire 这个词在英语中首先以文字形式出现，是在创作于公元1734年以前的作品当中 〔monody〕A composition in this style.单声部旋律作品：这种风格的创作〔Thorvaldsen〕Danish sculptor. A leading neoclassicist, he executed sculptures of mythological characters, including Hebe (1806), and monuments, such as theLion of Lucerne (1819). 索万林，（阿尔贝特）贝特尔：(1768?-1844) 丹麦雕刻家，重要的新古典主义者。创作青春女神(1806年）等神话人物的雕刻品和《卢塞恩之狮》 （1819年）等纪念碑 |
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英汉汉英双解词典收录301015条英汉双解翻译词条，可根据汉字查询相应的英文词汇，基本涵盖了全部常用汉字的英文读音、翻译及用法，是英语学习及翻译工作的有利工具。