| 单词 | 基尔 |
| 释义 | 〔quark〕"Three quarks for Muster Mark! / Sure he hasn't got much of a bark / And sure any he has it's all beside the mark.” This passage of James Joyce'sFinnegans Wake is part of a scurrilous 13-line poem directed against King Mark,the cuckolded husband in the Tristan legend.The poem and the accompanying prose are packed with names of birds and words suggestive of birds,and the poem is a squawk,like the cawing of a crow, against King Mark.Thus, Joyce uses the wordquark, which comes from the standard English verbquark, meaning "to caw, croak,” and also from the dialectal verb quawk, meaning"to caw, screech like a bird.” But Joyce'squark was not what it has become: "any of a group of hypothetical subatomic particles proposed as the fundamental units of matter.”Murray Gell-Mann, the physicist who proposed these particles, in a private letter of June 27, 1978, to the editor of theOxford English Dictionary, said that he had actually been influenced by Joyce's word in naming the particle,although the influence was subconscious at first.Gell-Mann was thinking of using the pronunciation (kwôrk) for the particle,possibly something he had picked up fromFinnegans Wake, which he "had perused from time to time since it appeared in 1939. . . . The allusion to three quarks seemed perfect" (originally there were only three subatomic quarks).Gell-Mann, however, wanted to pronounce the word with (ô) not (ä), as Joyce seemed to indicate by rhyming words in the vicinity such asMark. Gell-Mann got around that "by supposing that one ingredient of the line ‘Three quarks for Muster Mark’was a cry of ‘Three quarts for Mister . . . ’ heard in H.C. Earwicker's pub.”冲马克王呱叫三声! / 很显然一声狗吠对他还不够 / 很显然他所有的一切都和盛名无关。 这一段出自詹姆斯·乔伊斯的为芬尼根守灵 ， 是对马克王进行侮辱谩骂的一首十三行诗中的一部分。马克王是特里斯特拉姆传奇故事中被戴了绿帽子的丈夫。这首诗和随同的叙述中充斥着鸟类的名字和暗示鸟类的词。这首诗是对马克王的粗声抗诉，就象乌鸦的啼叫。所以乔伊斯用了quark 一词， 它来源于标准英语动词quark （意思为“呱呱地叫，乌鸦叫”）和方言中的动词 quawk （意思为“象鸟一样呱呱地叫、尖叫”）。 乔伊斯笔下的quark 一词并不是现在形成的意思： “任何一组假想的亚原子粒子，被认为是物质的基本单位”。这些粒子的提出者——物理学家默里·基尔曼在1978年6月27日写给牛津英语词典 编者的一封私人信件中说, 他给这种粒子命名时确实受到了乔伊斯这个词的影响，虽然这种影响起初只是潜意识的。基尔曼本想用(kwôrk)这个发音来代表这种粒子，可能也是从为芬尼根守灵 一书中汲取出来的。 自从1939年这书出版以来，他曾时常精读…关于三声呱叫的暗示看上去很完满（最初只有三种亚原子夸克）。但是基尔曼想让这个词发音为(o)而不是(a)——乔伊斯将韵押为与Mark 相近的音好象表明该发这个音。 基尔曼认为这行诗中的一部分“对马克王呱叫三声”，实际上是在酒店中听到的“给这位先生来三夸脱酒”叫喊声〔Reading〕A city of southeast Pennsylvania on the Schuykill River northwest of Philadelphia. Settled in 1748, it is an important commercial, industrial, and transportation center. Population, 78,380.里丁市：宾夕法尼亚州东南中的一座城市，位于费城西北面的斯凯基尔河上。1748年有人定居于此，是一个重要的商业、工业和交通中心。人口78,380〔Neunkirchen〕A city of southwest Germany northeast of Saarbrücken. It is a center for heavy industry in a coal-mining area. Population, 50,382.诺因基尔兴：德国西南萨尔布吕肯东北部一个城市，是采煤区的重工业中心。人口50,382〔Kiel〕A city of northern Germany onKiel Bay, an arm of the Baltic Sea. Chartered in 1242, Kiel joined the Hanseatic League in 1284, passed to Denmark in 1773, and was annexed by Prussia in 1866. German sailors mutinied here in 1918, setting off a socialist revolution. Population, 245,751. 基尔：德国北部城市，位于基尔湾 （波罗的海的一个水湾）。基尔于1242年被特许建立，1284年加入自由日尔曼城市商人联盟，1773年转入丹麦，1866年曾被普鲁士占有。1918年德国水手在这里叛乱，发动社会主义革命。人口245,751 〔archetype〕“‘Frankenstein’ . . . ‘Dracula’ . . . ‘Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ . . . the archetypes that have influenced all subsequent horror stories"(New York Times)“‘弗兰肯斯坦’…‘德秋拉’…‘杰基尔博士和海德先生’影响了所有继之而来的恐怖故事的原型”(纽约时报)〔Kilmarnock〕A burgh of southwest Scotland south-southwest of Glasgow. It is an industrial town in a mining region and the site of a monument to Robert Burns, whose poems were first published here in 1786. Population, 51,800.基尔马诺克：苏格兰西南部格拉斯哥西南偏南方的自治城市。它是矿区中的一个工业城镇和罗伯特·彭斯纪念碑所在地，彭斯的诗集1786年在这里首次出版。人口51,800〔Durand〕American artist and a founder of the Hudson River School known for his paintings of the Hudson River and the Catskill Mountains.杜兰德，阿舍·布朗：(1796-1886) 美国艺术家，哈得孙河学校创办人之一，以其描绘哈得孙河与卡茨基尔山的美术作品闻名〔Peekskill〕A city of southeast New York on the Hudson River north of White Plains. Strategically important in the American Revolution, it was burned by the British in 1777. Population, 19,536.皮克斯基尔：美国纽约东南部一城市，位于怀特普莱恩斯以北哈得孙河畔。它在美国独立战争时期具有战略意义，1777年曾被英军焚毁。人口19,536〔Mahican〕A Native American confederacy of subtribes formerly inhabiting the upper Hudson River valley from Albany south to the Catskill Mountains and north to Lake Champlain. Present-day descendants live in Oklahoma and Wisconsin.马希坎部族：一个美洲土著小部族的联盟，以前居住在上哈得孙河河谷从奥尔巴尼向南直到卡茨基尔山脉、向北到尚普兰湖地区。现在这个部族的后裔散居于美国俄克拉荷马和威斯康星州〔kir〕After Canon Félix Kir (1876-1968), mayor of Dijon, France 源自卡农·费利克斯 基尔 (1876-1968年），法国第戎市长 〔sarcastic〕"a man of eccentric charm, ironic humor, and—above all—profound literary genius" (Jonathan Kirsch).“一个具有奇妙魔力、讽刺性幽默以及—特别是—高深的文学天份的人” （乔纳森·基尔希）。〔gerrymander〕"An official statement of the returns of voters for senators give[s] twenty nine friends of peace, and eleven gerrymanders.”So reported the May 12, 1813, edition of theMassachusetts Spy. A gerrymander sounds like a strange political beast,which in fact it is, considered from a historical perspective.This beast was named by combining the wordsalamander, "a small lizardlike amphibian,” with the last name of Elbridge Gerry, a former governor of Massachusetts— a state noted for its varied, often colorful political fauna.Gerry (whose name, incidentally, was pronounced with a hardg, though gerrymander is now commonly pronounced with a soft g ) was immortalized in this way because an election district created by members of his party in 1812 looked like a salamander.According to one version of howgerrymander was coined, the shape of the district attracted the eye of the painter Gilbert Stuart,who noticed it on a map hanging in a newspaper editor's office.Stuart decorated the map with a head, wings, and clawsand then said to the editor, "That will do for a salamander!”"Gerrymander!” came the reply.A new political beast was created then and there.The word is first recorded in April 1812 with respect to the creature or its caricature,but it soon came to mean not only "the action of shaping a district to gain political advantage"but also "any representative elected from such a district by that method.”Within the same yeargerrymander was also recorded as a verb. “一份答复参议员选举人的官方声明宣布了二十九个和平伙伴和十一个不公正划分的选区。”在1813年3月12日的一期马萨诸塞州观察报 上有如上报导。 一个不公正划分选区听起来象是一个奇怪的政治怪兽，事实上它是来自历史上的观点。这个怪兽是由两个词合并而命名的，即salamander “一种蜥蜴状的两栖动物，”及马萨诸塞州州长埃尔布里奇·格里的姓。 而马萨诸萨州以其多变的、通常多姿多彩的政治动物群而闻名。格里（他的名字碰巧发重音g， 尽管 gerrymander 现在普遍发轻音 g， ）以此种方式而垂名史册， 因为1812年由他所在党成员组建的选举区就象一只蝾螈。根据一种gerrymander 如何被创造的观点， 该区的形状吸引了一位画家基尔伯特·斯图亚特，他在一家报纸的主编办公室里挂在墙上的地图中发现了它。斯图尔特又画上头、翅膀和爪子，然后对主编说，“那就象只蝾螈了！”"Gerrymander！”主编回答道。此时此地一个新的政治怪兽产生了。这个词于1812年4月首次被记录是在谈到这种牲畜或讽刺的画中，但很快，它就不仅意味“为赢得政治优势的改变区划的行动”，而且有“用此种方法选出的任何代表”的意思。同年gerrymander 也被作为一个动词而记载下来 〔Woodstock〕A village of southeast New York south-southwest of Albany. In 1969 a large rock music festival named after the village was held at another small town in the Catskill Mountains. Population, 1,073.伍德斯托克：纽约东南奥尔巴尼西南偏南的村庄，1969年在卡茨基尔山的另外一个小镇举行的一个大型摇滚乐节并以该村命名。人口1,073〔Pottstown〕A borough of southeast Pennsylvania on the Schuylkill River east-southeast of Reading. Its first ironworks were established in 1715. Population, 21,831.波茨敦：美国宾夕法尼亚州东南部的自治镇，临斯库尔基尔河，位于雷汀的东南偏东。其第一座钢铁厂建于1715年。人口21,831〔Kirman〕A Persian rug with a pastel background, a center medallion, and an ornately patterned border.基尔曼波斯地毯：一种波斯地毯。背景色彩柔和，中心有团花，边上有装饰图案 |
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