| 单词 | 奋斗 |
| 释义 | 〔sportsmanship〕Conduct and attitude considered as befitting participants in sports, especially fair play, courtesy, striving spirit, and grace in losing.运动员精神：适合参与运动的行为或态度，特别是公平竞争、礼貌谦逊、奋斗精神、胜不骄败不馁〔McDougall〕British-born American psychologist who theorized that human behavior is determined by both instinctive and intentional strivings.麦克杜格安，威廉：(1871-1938) 英裔美国心理学家，他的理论认为人类的行为是由本能的和有意识的奋斗共同决定的〔protagonist〕Theprotagonist of a Greek drama was its leading actor, of whom there could be but one in any play.This is an etymological nicety that many modern writers continue to observe when using the word to refer to the main character of a drama or other fiction.Thus when the members of the Usage Panel were asked "How many protagonists are there inOthello ?” the great majority answered "One"and offered substitutes such asantagonist, villain, principal, and deuteragonist to describe Desdemona and Iago. But there is reputable precedent from the 17th century on for usingprotagonist to mean simply "important actor" or "principal party,”with no implication of uniqueness,as inThere are three protagonists in this sluggish novel. Smith and Jones were the protagonists in the struggle over the future of the computer company. Thus, while some writers may prefer to confine the word to a singular sense in their own usage,it is pedantic to insist that the looser use is incorrect. ·The use ofprotagonist to refer to a proponent has become common only in the 20th century and may have been influenced by a misconception that the first syllable of the word represents the prefixpro-, "favoring.” In sentences such asHe was an early protagonist of nuclear power, this use is likely to strike many readers as an errorand can usually be replaced byadvocate or proponent with no loss of sense.希腊戏剧的protagnist 是主角， 且在任何戏剧中仅有一个主角。许多现代作家在用这个词时都注意使它指代戏剧或其他小说的主要人物，因此当用法专题小组成员被问及“在奥赛罗 里有几个主要人物?”时， 大部分人回答“一个”，而且用如antagonist、villain、principal 和 deuteragonist 等词来描述苔丝德蒙娜和雅各。 但是从十七进纪开始，有一个使用protagonist 的规范惯例， 仅表示“重要的演员”或“首要的政党”，而丝毫没有独一无二的暗示，象在句子在这部文风拖沓的小说中有三个人物。 史密斯和琼斯是为计算公司的未来而奋斗的主角中一样。 因此，当某些作家可能在他们自己的用法中偏于把这个词限制在一个简单的含义中时，仍强调自由用法不正确就是卖弄学问的了。用protagonist 来指代建议者或支持者仅在20世纪开始变得常见， 而且被对于代表意为“支持的”前缀pro- 的该词第一个音节的误解所影响。 在句子他是核武力的早期支持者 中， 这种用法可能会使读者认为是个错误，而且常被advocate 或 proponent 所替代， 同时也不会有任何意思的遗漏〔Schopenhauer〕German philosopher who believed that the will to live is the fundamental reality and that this will, being a constant striving, is insatiable and ultimately yields only suffering.叔本华，阿瑟：(1788-1860) 德国哲学家，相信存在意志为基本现实，这一持久奋斗的意志永不知足，最终只能产生折磨〔fight〕fought against graft; fighting for her rights.拒绝贪污腐化；为她的权利奋斗〔nisus〕Latin nīsus [from past participle of] nītī [to strive] 拉丁语 nīsus 源自nītī的过去分词 [奋斗] 〔fight〕To gain by struggle or striving:获得：通过斗争或奋斗得到：〔Hitler〕Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied inMein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945). 希特勒，阿道夫：(1889-1945) 奥地利裔德国纳粹党的创始人，曾任第三帝国(1933-1945年）的总理，他的法西斯哲学主要体现在《我的奋斗》 （1925-1927年）一书中，并得到广大的支持，1934后成为全权独裁者。他执行的侵略性民族主义国家政策，造成了对波兰的入侵和随后的第二次世界大战的爆发，他因对尤其是欧洲犹太人等数百万人口的灭绝政策而臭名昭彰，并于第三帝国即将崩溃时(1945年）自杀 〔worry〕To proceed doggedly in the face of difficulty or hardship; struggle:奋斗，挣扎：在困难或艰难面前不屈不挠；奋斗：〔Odyssey〕The younger of the two surviving ancient Greek epic poems, traditionally ascribed to Homer but containing much orally transmitted material composed over several centuries, and concerning the adventures and ordeals of the Greek warrior Odysseus after the fall of Troy as he struggles to return home and reestablish himself as king of Ithaca.奥德赛：古希腊两本仅存史诗中较新的一部，始于荷马记述但也合并了历代口耳相传的故事内容，描写希腊战士奥德赛在特洛伊城陷后如何挣扎奋斗以返回家园并夺回伊萨基王位所经历的冒险与考验〔fight〕To contend for, by or as if by combat:奋斗：通过或似通过战斗而竞争：〔earn〕a diplomat who had earned his spurs as the prime minister's personal assistant.外交家经过奋斗获得首相私人助理之职〔uphill〕struggling uphill to make ends meet.艰难地奋斗以使收支相抵〔fight〕A struggle to achieve an objective.See Synonyms at conflict 奋斗：为达到一个目标所作的努力 参见 conflict〔zeal〕Enthusiastic devotion to a cause, an ideal, or a goal and tireless diligence in its furtherance.See Synonyms at passion 热情：为事业、理想、目标倾注的满腔热情和为进步而孜孜不倦地奋斗 参见 passion〔appetite〕from Latin appetītus [strong desire] [from past participle of] appetere [to strive after] 源自 拉丁语 appetītus [强烈欲望] 源自appetere的过去分词 [为…奋斗] 〔Gould〕American financier and speculator who with James Fisk and Daniel Drew wrested control of the Erie Railroad from Cornelius Vanderbilt (1867-1868). With Fisk, he caused the financial panic of September 24, 1869, with an attempt to corner the gold market.古尔德，杰：(1836-1892) 美国金融家和投机者，1867-1868年他与詹姆士·菲斯克和丹尼尔·德鲁经过奋斗从科尼利厄斯·范德比尔特手里夺取了伊利铁路公司。他与菲斯克企图垄断黄金市场，从而造成1869年9月24日的金融恐慌〔cope〕To contend or strive, especially on even terms or with success:应付：竞争或奋斗，尤指机会均等地或取得成功地：〔fight〕To contend with or struggle against:奋斗，对抗：与…进行斗争或奋斗：〔nisus〕An effort or endeavor to realize an aim.奋斗：为达到目标而作的努力或尝试〔fruition〕Realization of something desired or worked for; accomplishment:实现：实现所期望的或为之奋斗的事情；获得：〔conation〕The aspect of mental processes or behavior directed toward action or change and including impulse, desire, volition, and striving.意动：引起包括冲动、欲望、暴力和奋斗等外在行动或变化的心理方面的活动或行为 |
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