| 单词 | 情形 |
| 释义 | 〔hypodermis〕An epidermal layer of cells that secretes an overlying chitinous cuticle, as in arthropods.分泌几丁质的细胞：皮下细胞层，比层细胞隐匿一层全面覆盖的分泌几丁质的角质层，与类人猿中的情形一样〔can〕Used to indicate probability or possibility under the specified circumstances:可能性：用于表示在特殊情形下的可能性或者可能的事：〔hypothetical〕a hypothetical situation.See Synonyms at theoretical 一个假设的情形 参见 theoretical〔Endsville〕The greatest, best, or most exciting condition, state, or thing.最好的，顶尖的：最伟大的、最好的或最让人激动的情形、状态或事件〔apprehend〕"No one who has not had the responsibility can really understand what it is like to be President" (Harry S Truman). To “没有总统的责任感的人不会理解作总统的情形” （哈里·S·杜鲁门）。〔cause〕Occasion is a situation that permits or stimulates existing causes to come into play: Occasion 是一种允许或激发既存原因发生作用的情形： 〔reputation〕The state or situation of being held in high esteem.好名声：被给予很高的评价的状态或情形〔errancy〕The state of erring or an instance of it.错误状态：犯错误的状态或情形〔friendship〕The quality or condition of being friends.友谊：彼此当朋友的质量或情形〔hold〕To maintain a desired or accustomed position or condition:维持：维持预期或习惯的状态或情形：〔provincialism〕The act or an instance of placing the interests of one's province before one's nation.地方主义；狭窄的地方观念：将个人的地方性利益放在国家利益之前的行为或情形〔contact〕The state or condition of touching or of immediate proximity:接触状态：接触或挨得很近的状态或情形：〔ennui〕Were they alive today, users of Classical Latin might be surprised to find that centuries later a phrase of theirs would still survive,although in the form of a single word.The phrasemihi in odiō est (literally translated as "to me in a condition of dislike or hatred is"), meaning "I hate or dislike,” gave rise to the Vulgar Latin verb.inodiāre, "to make odious,” the source of Modern Frenchennuyer, "to annoy, bore.” In the Old French period a noun meaning "worry, boredom,” came from the verbennuier. This noun in its Modern French formennui was borrowed into English in the sense "boredom,” the English word being first recorded in 1732.People may have needed a word for boredom in the polite, cultivated world of the 18th century,but at an earlier period, around 1275,we had already borrowed the French verbennuier, the source of our word annoy. One of the earliest instances ofannoy in English is, in fact, used in the sense "to bore an audience.” 要是古拉丁文的使用者们今天还活着的话，他们很可能会吃惊地发现数世纪之后他们所用的一个短语依然在使用中，尽管采用了单个词的形式。短语mihi in odioest （按字面可翻译成“在不喜欢或憎恨情形下对我而言的是”）， 意思是“我恨或讨厌”生成了俗拉丁语动词inodiare， “使可憎”， 其又为现代法语ennuyer “使苦恼，使烦恼”的词源。 在古法语时期，一个意思是“焦虑、厌倦”的名词来源于动词ennuier 。 该名词的现代法语形式ennui 被引入英语中，意指“厌倦”， 该英语词于1732年被首次记载，在18世纪的讲究礼节、有修养的社会里人们很可能需要一个词来表达厌倦之意，但在更早的时期，大约在1275年，我们已经借入法语动词ennuier， 作为我们的单词 annoy 的来源。 annoy 在英语中最早的例子之一是它实际上是在“使观众厌倦”的意义上使用的 〔moving〕"A . . . widow . . . has laid her case of destitution before him in a very moving letter" (Nathaniel Hawthorne).Somethingstirring excites strong, turbulent, but not unpleasant feelings, as of inspiration: “一个…寡妇…在一封很感人的信里向他叙述她穷困的情形” （纳撒尼尔·霍桑）。与stirring 联系在一起的事物是引起强烈的、使人激动的但又并非不令人愉快的感觉，如激励： 〔trim〕A condition of good health or fitness.健康：健康状况良好的情形〔rigor〕A harsh or trying circumstance; hardship.See Synonyms at difficulty 艰苦，困难：艰难的或难堪的情形；困境 参见 difficulty〔sarcastic〕"The caustic jokes . . . deal with such diverse matters as political assassination, talk-show hosts, medical ethics" (Frank Rich).“这些尖刻的笑话…能够应付象政治谋杀、现场采访、医学道德等各种不同的情形” （弗兰克·里奇）。〔cover〕To be responsible for reporting the details of (an event or situation):负责报导：对报导…的细节负责（如事件或情形）：〔hatred〕Old English rǣden [condition] * see ar- 古英语 rǣden [情况，情形] * 参见 ar- 〔improper〕Not suited to circumstances or needs; unsuitable:不适当的，不妥当的：和情形或需要不相称的；不合适的：〔jubilation〕The condition or feeling of being jubilant.欢腾、欢庆的情形或感情〔hectic〕In the Usage Panel survey done for the first edition of theAmerican Heritage Dictionary (1969), 92 percent of the Panel approved of the use ofhectic in its most familiar sense, "characterized by feverish activity, confusion, or haste.”The question was put to the Panelbecause in earlier usage that sense was sometimes deprecated as a loose extension of the term's meaning in medicine.Unless one has some medical knowledgeone probably does not know the older medical uses of the term,for example, "relating to an undulating fever, such as those accompanying tuberculosis,”and unless one has some acquaintance with Middle Englishone would not recognize the first recorded instance of the word,etik, in a text written before 1398. The Middle English term comes from the Old French development of the Late Latin wordhecticus, whose form helped reshape our word in the 16th century.Late Latinhecticus in turn comes from Greek hektikos, "formed by habit or forming habit" and "consumptive,” developing the last sense because of the chronic nature of tuberculous fevers.Thus a word that once simply meant "habitual"eventually had an English descendant used to refer to circumstances that would be undesirable if they were habitual.在针对美国经典辞书 （1969年）第一版对用法专题使用小组的调查中， 92%的成员赞成hectic 一词最常用的意思， “以紧张的活动、忙乱或慌忙为特征的”。之所以要向这些成员提这个问题，是因为作为该词医学含义的模糊延伸，这个意义有时不为人们所接受。除非某人有医学方面的知识，否则他就很可能不知道这个词在医学方面的古老用法，比如“和起伏不定的热病有关的，如肺结核的伴随症”。另外，除非某人对中古英语有一度程度的了解，否则他也认不出1398年以前的一个文本中该词的首例etik 。 这个中古英语单词是由古法语经后期拉丁语hecticus 一词的发展而来的， 其形式在16世纪帮助重新形成了这个单词。而后期拉丁语中的这个词hecticus 又是由希腊语中的 hektikos 一词而来，这个词在希腊语中意指“由习惯形成的或形成习惯的”及“患肺痨的，肺痨的”， 之所以得到最后的意思，是出于肺痨病的特性。这样一来，原来只是表示“习惯性的”这个词，传到英语中最后竟变成了指一旦成为习惯则不被人所喜爱的情形〔contingency〕The condition of being dependent on chance; uncertainty.偶然性：取决于机会的情形；不确定性〔Beirut〕A place or situation characterized by ongoing, widespread, highly destructive strife:贝鲁特：具有正在进行着的大范围、高度破坏性的以冲突为特色的地点或情形：〔containment〕The act or condition of containing.容纳：容纳的行为或情形〔unless〕Except on the condition that; except under the circumstances that:除了：除了在…的条件下；除了在…的情形下：〔prolepsis〕The use of a descriptive word in anticipation of the act or circumstances that would make it applicable, asdry in They drained the lake dry. 预词法：描述性的词的使用，可预期使之适合于描述的行为或情形，比如dry（干） 在 They drained the lake dry 中 〔sarcomatosis〕Formation of numerous sarcomas in various parts of the body.肉瘤病：在身体的各个部分形成无数肉瘤的情形〔lurch〕The losing position of a cribbage player who scores 30 points or less to the winner's 61.纸牌等游戏中的一败涂地：纸牌游戏中牌手的失败情形，得分不多于30点或获胜者已得到61点〔kabbalah〕There are no less than two dozen variant spellings ofkabbalah, the most common of which include kabbalah, kabala, kabalah, qabalah, qabala, cabala, cabbala, kaballah, kabbala, kaballah, and qabbalah. This sort of confusion is frequently seen with Hebrew and Arabic words borrowed into English because there exist several different systems of transliterating the Hebrew and Arabic alphabets into Roman letters. Often a more exact or scholarly transliteration, such as Qur'an, will coexist alongside a spelling that has been heavily Anglicized ( Koran ). The fact that the Hebrew and Arabic alphabets do not as a rule indicate short vowels or the doubling of consonants compounds the difficulties. Spellings of kabbalah with one or two b 's are equally "correct,” insofar as the single b accurately reproduces the spelling of the Hebrew, while the double b represents the fact that it was once pronounced with a double b. kabbalah 有超过十二种以上不同的拼法，最常见的包括 kabbalah, kabala, kabalah, qabalah, qabala, cabala, cabbala, kaballah, kabbala, kaballah 及 qabbalah 。此类混淆情形最常见于自希伯来及阿拉伯文字转借给英语时，这是由于在希伯来及阿拉伯字母音译为罗马字母时有数种不同系统存在所致。通常较精确或是学究上的音译，例如 Qur'an ，会与已经偏重于英语化的拼法（ Koran ）共同存在。事实上，希伯来及阿拉伯字母并没有一种明确指出短元音及双子音为何的原则增加其困难度， kabbalah 有一到两个 b 的拼法都一样“正确”，到目前为止单 b 精确地重现希伯来文的拼法，而双 b 则表示它曾经以双 b 发音的事实 〔separate〕"I remember the way we parted" (Algernon Swinburne).“我记得我们分开的情形” （阿尔杰农·斯温伯恩）。〔most〕In the greatest number of instances:在大多数情形中：〔convergence〕The act, condition, quality, or fact of converging.汇聚：汇聚的行为、情形、性质或事实〔in〕To or at a situation or condition of:达到或处于某种状态或情形：〔plunge〕To throw oneself earnestly or wholeheartedly into an activity or a situation:全心投入，全神贯注于：认真地或全心全意地使自己投入到一种活动或情形中：〔state〕 Situation more narrowly refers to a state or condition at a particular time as determined by a combination of circumstances: Situation 较狭义地指由环境综合决定的特定时间上的状态或情形： 〔jolt〕To put into a specified condition by or as if by a blow:击入，摇撼：通过打击或仿佛通过打击使…处于一种特定情形中：〔phase〕These nouns refer to a particular or possible way of viewing something, such as an object, a situation, or a process.这些名词均指观察某些事物，如一个物体、一种情形或一个过程的特殊的或可能的方式。〔concurrence〕Cooperation, as of agents, circumstances, or events.合作，如代理、情形或事件中〔tumult〕A disorderly commotion or disturbance.骚动，混乱：吵闹混乱的状况，杂乱无章的情形 |
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