| 单词 | 批判 |
| 释义 | 〔party〕Party is unexceptionable when used to refer to a participant in a social arrangement, as inShe was not named as a party in the conspiracy. It is this sense that underlies the legal use of the term,as when one speaks of theparties to a contract. The legal use has in turn led to the presence of the word in many fixed expressions,such asinjured party and third party. Butparty is also widely used as a general substitute for person, as inWould all parties who left packages at the desk please reclaim their property. This usage has been established for many centuries,but in the Victorian era it came to be associated with the language of the semieducated(theOxford English Dictionary describes it as "shoppy"), and it has been the subject of many later criticisms.This use ofparty may have been reinforced by its modern adoption by telephone operators. In other contexts,when used in earnest,it may be perceived as a superfluous variant forperson. But the jocular use of the term is well established,particular in references such asa wise old party. Party 用作指一项社会活动的参与者是很常见的， 如她不是这一阴谋的参与者。 正是这一意义构成了这一词的法律用法，如人们说及 parties to a contract 。 这种法律用法反过来又使得这一词出现在许多固定的短语中，如injured party 和 third party。 但party 也被广泛地用于对 person 的泛称， 如在所有将包裹放在桌子上的人请来认领他们的东西。 这种用法已确立了许多个世纪，但在维多利亚时代，它开始与受过部分教育的人的语言联系起来（牛津英语词典 把它描述为“三句话不离本行的”）， 并且它已成为后来许多批判家批评的对象。Party 的这一用法由于话务员的经常采用而被强化了。 在其它的上下文中，当用于严肃的场合时，它可以被视作是person 不必要的变体。 但这一词诙谐的用法确立已久，尤其在提及如一个精明的老人 时 〔venture〕To express at the risk of denial, criticism, or censure:甘冒不讳；大胆表示：在处于被否决、批判或责备的危险境地表达：〔Bayle〕French philosopher and critic. Considered the progenitor of 18th-century rationalism, he compiled the famousDictionnaire Historique et Critique (1697) and championed the cause of religious tolerance. 拜尔，皮尔：(1647-1706) 法国的哲学家和评论家。被认为是18世纪理性主义的先驱，他编辑了著名的《历史与批判辞典》 （1697年），并拥护宗教教义宣扬的忍受苦难的原因 〔criticism〕A critical comment or judgment.批判：批判性的评论或判断〔Bushnell〕American theologian whose repudiation of traditional Calvinistic austerity had a profound effect on liberal Protestant thought.布什内尔，霍勒斯：(1802-1876) 美国神学家，他对传统的加尔文教苦行的批判对自由的新教派思想有着深远影响〔negative〕A statement or an act that is highly critical of another or of others:批评：对另一或其他事物持高度批判态度的说法或行为：〔critique〕Critique has been used as a verb meaning "to review or discuss critically" since the 18th century, but lately this usage has gained much wider currency,in part because the verbcriticize, once neutral between praise and censure, is now mainly used in a negative sense. (One is not likely to say, for example,She criticized the bill approvingly. ) But this use ofcritique is still regarded by many as pretentious jargon; 69 percent of the Usage Panel rejects the sentence Critique 这一词自从18世纪以来作为动词的意思是“批判性地评论或讨论”， 然而近来这一用法变得更为通用，部分由于动词criticize 这一原先介于赞扬和苛评之间的词现主要用于否定意义中。 （人们不太可能说，比如她赞成地批判这个法案。 ) 但是critique 的这一用法仍被许多人认为是做作难懂的话； 用法专题使用小组69%的成员否认这种句子 〔credentialism〕"Neo-liberalism made useful points in its critique of vested interests, of bureaucratic follies[and] of credentialism" (Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.)“新自由主义在其对既得权益、官僚思想 文凭主义的批判中起了有效的作用” (小阿瑟M.施莱辛格)〔Yevtushenko〕Soviet antiestablishment poet. Much of his work, including "Babi Yar" (1961) and "The Heirs of Stalin" (1962), is critical of Soviet government and society.叶甫图申科，叶夫基尼·亚历山德罗维奇：(生于 1933) 苏联反体制诗人，他的许多诗作，包括“娘子谷”(1961年）和“斯大林的继承者”（1962年），都批判了苏联政府和社会〔personal〕Aimed pointedly at the most intimate aspects of a person, especially in a critical or hostile manner:人身攻击的：尖刻地对准人的最隐密部分的，特别是以一种批判和敌意的态度：〔caricature〕These nouns denote artistic formsin which someone or something is imitated in an amusing and generally critical manner. A这些名词都表示各种艺术形式，其中某人或某物被以一种令人发笑的，通常是批判的方式模仿。〔Marcuse〕German-born American political philosopher whose works of social criticism includeEros and Civilization (1955) and One-Dimensional Man (1964). 马尔库塞，赫伯特：(1898-1979) 德裔美国政治哲学家，他社会批判作品包括《爱欲与文明》 （1955年）和 《单面人》 （1964年） 〔Kant〕German idealist philosopher who argued that reason is the means by which the phenomena of experience are translated into understanding. His classic works includeCritique of Pure Reason (1781) and Critique of Practical Reason (1788), in which he put forward his system of ethics based on the categorical imperative. 康德，伊曼纽尔：(1724-1804) 德国唯心主义哲学家，主张经验现象通过理性转变成知性。其经典著作包括《纯粹理性批判》 （1781年）和 《实践理性批判》 （1788年）。在这些著作中他提出了基于绝对命令的伦理学体系 〔Frye〕Canadian literary critic and theorist best known for his workAnatomy of Criticism (1957). An ordained minister in the United Church of Canada, his writings reflect religious interests and explore the nature of myth and symbolism. 弗莱，诺斯拉：加拿大的文学评论家与理论家，著作以《批判的剖析》 （1957年）为人知晓，并被授与加拿大统一教廷的神职。其著作反应出他对宗教的狂热，智力探索谜底与象征主义的本质 〔Gropper〕American cartoonist and painter known for his satiric works of social criticism, includingThe Senate (1935). 格罗珀，威廉：(1897-1977) 美国画家、漫画家，以其批判社会的讽刺性作品，如《参议员》 （1935年）而著名 〔Popper〕British philosopher known for his contributions to the understanding of scientific reasoning and his attacks on historicism. His works includeThe Logic of Scientific Discovery (1931) and The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945). 波珀，卡尔·雷芒德：(生于 1902) 英国著名的哲学家，以其推动人们对科学推理的理解作出的贡献和对历史主义的批判而闻名。他的作品包括《科学发现的逻辑》 （1931年）和 《开放社会及其敌人》 （1945年） 〔Dionysian〕Often dionysian In the philosophy of Nietzsche, of or displaying creative-intuitive power as opposed to critical-rational power. 常作 dionysian 疯狂的：尼采哲学中显示同批判理性相对的创造性热情〔naysayer〕One who critically disagrees.老是唱反调的人：批判地不同意的人〔severe〕"Praise or blame has but a momentary effect on the man whose love of beauty in the abstract makes him a severe critic on his own works" (John Keats).“赞扬或指责对这个人只有瞬间效应，对抽象美的热爱使他对自己的作品严加批判 （约翰·凯兹）。〔Penn〕American filmmaker whose works critically examine American history and society. His films includeBonnie and Clyde (1967), Alice's Restaurant (1969), and Little Big Man (1970). 潘，阿瑟：(生于 1922) 美国的电影摄制家，他的作品批判地探讨美国历史和社会问题，他摄制的影片包括《邦妮和克莱德》 （1967年） 《艾丽斯的餐馆》 （1969年）和 《小巨人》 （1970年） |
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