| 单词 | 数学家 |
| 释义 | 〔Veblen〕American mathematician noted for his work on projective geometry and topology.维布伦，奥斯瓦尔德：(1880-1960) 美国数学家，以其在射影几何学以及拓扑学上的研究而闻名〔Gibbs〕American mathematician and physicist who formulated the theoretical foundation of physical chemistry, developed vector analysis, and conducted optical and thermodynamic research.吉布斯，约西亚·威拉德：(1839-1903) 美国数学家和物理学家，他系统地阐述了物理化学的基础理论，发展了向量解析并进行光学和热力学的研究〔Gauss〕German mathematician and astronomer known for his contributions to algebra, differential geometry, probability theory, and number theory.高斯，卡尔·弗雷德里希：(1777-1855) 德国数学家和天文学家，因其对代数、微积分几何、或然率理论和数字理论的贡献而为人称道〔Wolff〕German mathematician and philosopher who popularized the work of Leibnitz.沃尔夫，克里斯蒂安·冯：(1679-1754) 德国数学家和哲学家，他把莱布尼兹的作品通俗化〔Dodgson〕British mathematician and writer. His stories about Alice, invented to amuse the young daughter of a friend, appear in the classicsAlice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and Through the Looking-Glass (1872). 道奇森，查尔斯·卢特维奇：(1832-1898) 英国数学家和作家。他经由为娱乐朋友的小女孩而写的关于艾丽斯的书而闻名，它们是《艾丽斯漫游仙境》 （1865年）和 《通过梳妆镜》 （1872年） 〔Alberti〕Italian writer, musician, mathematician, and artist whose influential treatises on painting, architecture, and sculpture introduced classical ideas into Renaissance art.阿尔贝蒂，莱昂·拜提斯塔：意大利作家、音乐家、数学家和艺术家，他具有深远影响的关于绘画、建筑和雕刻的论文将古典文艺的理念引入文艺复兴时期的艺术作品〔Leibnitz〕German philosopher and mathematician. He invented differential and integral calculus independently of Newton and proposed the metaphysical theory that we live in "the best of all possible worlds.”莱布尼兹，戈特弗里德·威廉·冯：(1646-1716) 德国哲学家和数学家。他不受牛顿影响而发明了微分演算法和积分演算法，并提出了我们生活在“所有可能存在最美好的世界”中的形而上学理论〔Descartes〕French mathematician and philosopher. Considered the father of analytic geometry, he formulated the Cartesian system of coordinates. His philosophy is based on the rationalistic premise "I think, therefore I am.”笛卡尔，莱恩：(1596-1650) 法国数学家，哲学家，因将笛卡尔坐标体系公式化而被认为是解析几何之父。他的哲学思想基于唯理性的前提“我思故我在”〔Hypatia〕Neo-Platonist philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer who lived and taught in Alexandria. Her prominence and adherence to pagan scholasticism led to her being murdered by a Christian mob.海帕希亚：在亚历山大居住及教学的新柏拉图派哲学家、数学家、及天文学家。她对异教经院哲学的卓越成就及信奉使她遭基督教暴民谋杀〔Khwarizmi〕Moslem mathematician whose works introduced Arabic numerals and algebraic concepts to Western mathematics. The wordalgorithm is derived from his name. 花拉子密，： (780?-850?) 伊斯兰教数学家，其作品把阿拉伯数字和代数概念介绍给西方数学。《Algorithm（运算法则）》 一词是从他的名字而来 〔Dedekind〕German mathematician best known for his theory of irrational numbers.狄德金，尤利乌斯·威廉·理查：(1831-1916) 德国数学家，因提出无理数理论而闻名〔Winthrop〕American astronomer, mathematician, and physicist who founded the first physics laboratory in the United States (1646).温斯罗普，约翰：(1714-1779) 美国天文学家、数学家和物理学家。他是美国第一个物理实验室的建立者(1646年）〔Bowditch〕American mathematician and astronomer noted for his works concerning navigation.鲍迪许，内森尼尔：(1773-1838) 美国数学家和天文学家，因在航海方面的著作而闻名〔mathematician〕A person skilled or learned in mathematics.数学家：在数学上熟练或有学问的人〔Torricelli〕Italian mathematician and physicist who invented the mercury barometer.托里切利，伊凡吉利斯坦：(1608-1647) 意大利数学家和物理学家，他发明了水银温度计〔Kovalevsky〕Russian mathematician known for her work on partial differential equations and equations of rotatory motion.科瓦列夫斯基，索雅：(1850-1891) 俄国数学家，以她对微积分方程和旋转运动方程的研究而出名〔Desargues〕French army officer and mathematician regarded as one of the founders of modern geometry.德萨贵斯，热拉尔：(1591-1661) 法国军官，数学家，被视为现代几何的创始人〔Fourier〕French mathematician and physicist who formulated a method for analyzing periodic functions and studied the conduction of heat.傅立叶，简·巴蒂斯特·约瑟夫：(1768-1830) 法国数学家和物理学家，创立了分析周期函数的方法，并研究热的传导〔Bernoulli〕Family of Swiss mathematicians and scientists, includingJakob or Jacques (1654-1705), an important theorist of ordinary calculus and the calculus of variations. His brother Johann or Jean (1667-1748) developed integral and exponential calculus. Johann's son Daniel (1700-1782) anticipated the law of conservation of energy, did pioneering work in the molecular theory of gases, and contributed to probability theory and the theory of differential equations. 伯努利：瑞士数学家和科学家家族，包括雅各 或 雅克 （1654-1705年），是关于一般微积分和变分微分的重要理论家。其兄弟 约翰 或 让 （1667-1748年）发展了整数和指数微积分。约翰的儿子 丹尼尔 （1700-1782年）提前发现了能量守恒定律，在气体分子理论方面做了开拓性的工作，并对概率理论和微分方程理论有所贡献 〔googol〕[Coined at the age of nine by Milton Sirotta, nephew of Edward Kasner (1878-1955), American mathematician] [为米尔顿·西罗蒂九岁时创造，是美国数学家爱德华·卡斯纳（1878-1955年）的侄子] 〔Ellis〕British philologist and mathematician noted for his scientific study of phonetics.埃利斯，亚历山大·约翰：(1814-1890) 英国文学家和数学家，以其对语言学的研究而著名〔Pythagoras〕Greek philosopher and mathematician who founded in southern Italy a school that emphasized the study of musical harmony and geometry. He proved the universal validity of the Pythagorean theorem and is considered the first true mathematician.毕达哥拉斯：古希腊哲学家和数学家，在意大利南部创立学派，强调对音乐弦学及几何学的研究。他证明了毕达哥拉斯定理的广泛有效性并被认为是世界上第一位真正的数学家〔Rittenhouse〕American astronomer, mathematician, and public official who is reputed to have built the first American-made telescope and was the first director of the U.S. Mint (1792-1795).里顿豪斯，戴维：(1732-1796) 美国天文学家、数学家和政府官员。他被公认为制造了第一架美国制造的望远镜。而且是美国铸币局的第一任局长(1792-1795年）〔Somerville〕British mathematician and astronomer whosePhysical Geography (1848) won her international acclaim. The first women's college at Oxford University was funded by and named after her. 萨默维尔，玛丽·费尔法克斯·格雷戈：(1780-1872) 英国数学家和天文学家，其著作《物理地理》 （1848年）为其赢得了国际声誉。牛津大学的第一个女子学院就是由其资助并以其命名的 〔Briggs〕English mathematician who devised the decimal-based system of logarithms and invented the modern method of long division.布里格斯，亨利：(1561-1630) 英国数学家，发明常用对数和现代长除法的方法〔Kepler〕German astronomer and mathematician. Considered the founder of modern astronomy, he formulated three laws to clarify the theory that the planets revolve around the sun.开普勒，约翰尼斯：(1571-1630) 德国天文学家和数学家，被认为是现代天文学的奠基人，他创立了三大定律，说明行星围绕太阳转的理论〔Neumann〕Hungarian-born American mathematician who contributed to the game theory and cybernetics.诺尔曼，约翰·冯：(1903-1957) 匈牙利裔美国数学家，他致力于研究过程论和控制论，并有相当贡献〔Pascal〕French philosopher and mathematician. Among his achievements are the invention of an adding machine and the development of the modern theory of probability.帕斯卡，布莱斯：(1623-1662) 法国哲学家和数学家。他的成就包括发明了一种加法机和发展了现代概率理论〔parallel〕In its mathematical usageparallel is an absolute term— two lines either do or do not intersect—and as such does not admit of qualification as to degree.Some grammarians have arguedthat this restriction should apply as well to nontechnical uses of the word.According to this logic,one may not sayThe two roads have been made more parallel, except perhaps as a loose way of saying what is rendered more precisely by expressions such asmore nearly parallel. Like the analogous objection that has been made to the comparison ofequal, the point betrays a misconception about the relation between mathematical concepts and their ordinary-language equivalents.Applied to objects in the world,parallel can only denote a rough approximation to a geometric ideal. A pair of rails or parked cars cannot be truly parallel in the mathematician's sense of the termbut only more or less so,just as a road or shelf cannot be truly straight in the geometric sensebut nonetheless may be described as very straight or relatively straight.The grammarians' compunctions make even less sense when applied to metaphorical uses ofparallel, as inThe difficulties faced by the Republicans are quite parallel to those that confronted the Democrats four years ago, in which the intended meaning has nothing to do with the possibility of intersectionbut instead suggests the structural correspondence of two distinct situations.In this sense, parallelism is clearly a matter of degreeand the wordparallel can be modified accordingly. See Usage Note at equal ,perfect ,unique 在数学用法中，parallel 是一个绝对的表达法—— 两条线要么相交，要么就不相交——它既没有限定性也没有程度差别。一些语法学家曾提出，这种限制也应该适用于该词在非科技方面的用法，按照这种逻辑，人们不能说这两条路已被修得更加平行了， 除非作为用例如更接近于平行 这样的表达方法更精确地表示的东西的不够精确的说出方法。 象对equal 的比较所做的类似反对一样， 这个观点使数学概念与普通用语中等价词之间的关系引起误解。当运用到世间的实物时，parellel 仅能指与几何理想状态大致接近的状况。 一对铁轨或停放的车辆不可能按数学家对于这个术语的理解来真正地相互并行，而不过是大致平行而已，正如公路和架子不可能是真正几何意义上的笔直，但仍可被描绘成很直的或相对而言的笔直。在用到parallel 的比喻用法时，语法学家的不安就更显得意义不大了， 例如：共和党人所面临的重重困难与四年前民主党人遇到的困难十分相似， 在这句话中，该词的引申意义与相交的可能性毫无关系，然而它暗指了两种不同情况结构上的一致。在此意义上，相似性明显是程度的问题，相应地，parallel 一词也能被其它词限定修饰了。 参见 equal,perfect,unique〔Euclid〕Greek mathematician who applied the deductive principles of logic to geometry, thereby deriving statements from clearly defined axioms.欧几里德：古希腊数学家，他把逻辑学中的演绎原理应用到几何学中，籍以由定义明确的公理导出语句〔Fermat〕French mathematician who formulated modern number theory and probability theory.费马，皮尔·德：(1601-1665) 法国数学家，他有系统地阐述了现代数理论和概率论〔who〕The traditional rules that determine the use ofwho and whom are relatively simple: who is used for a grammatical subject, where a nominative pronoun such as I or he would be appropriate, andwhom is used elsewhere. Thus, we writeThe actor who played Hamlet was there, sincewho stands for the subject of played Hamlet; andWho do you think is the best candidate? where who stands for the subject of is the best candidate. But we writeTo whom did you give the letter? sincewhom is the object of the preposition to; andThe man whom the papers criticized did not show up, sincewhom is the object of the verb criticized. ? Considerable effort and attention are required to apply the rules correctly in complicated sentences.To produce correctly a sentence such asI met the man whom the government had tried to get France to extradite, we must anticipate when we writewhom that it will function as the object of the verb extradite, several clauses distant from it.It is thus not surprising that writers from Shakespeare onward should often have interchangedwho and whom. And though the distinction shows no signs of disappearing in formal style,strict adherence to the rules in informal discourse might be taken as evidence that the speaker or writer is paying undue attention to the form of what is said, possibly at the expense of its substance.In speech and informal writingwho tends to predominate over whom; a sentence such asWho did John say he was going to support? will be regarded as quite natural, if strictly incorrect. By contrast, the use ofwhom where who would be required, as inWhom shall I say is calling? may be thought to betray a certain linguistic insecurity. ? When the relative pronoun stands for the object of a preposition that ends a sentence,whom is technically the correct form: the strict grammarian will insist onWhom (not who ) did you give it to? But grammarians since Noah Webster have argued that the excessive formality ofwhom in these cases is at odds with the relative informality associated with the practice of placing the preposition in final position and that the use of who in these cases should be regarded as entirely acceptable. ? The relative pronounwho may be used in restrictive relative clauses, in which case it is not preceded by a comma, or in nonrestrictive clauses, in which case a comma is required.Thus, we may say eitherThe scientist who discovers a cure for cancer will be immortalized, where the clausewho discovers a cure for cancer indicates which scientist will be immortalized, orThe mathematician over there, who solved the four-color theorem, is widely known, where the clausewho solved the four-color theorem adds information about a person already identified by the phrase the mathematician over there. ? Some grammarians have argued that onlywho and not that should be used to introduce a restrictive relative clause that identifies a person. This restriction has no basis either in logic or in the usage of the best writers;it is entirely acceptable to write eitherthe man that wanted to talk to you or the man who wanted to talk to you. ? The grammatical rules governing the use ofwho and whom apply equally to whoever and whomever. See Usage Note at else ,that ,whose 确定用法的传统规则who 和 whom 相对简单： who 语法上用作主语，同 I 或 he 等主格代词的位置相同， 而whom 用于别处。 这样，我们写The actor who played Hamlet was there （演哈姆雷特的演员在那边）， 因此who 代表的是 played Hamlet 的主语。 在句子Who do you think is the best candidate? （你认为谁是最好的候选人?）中 who 代表 is the best candidate 的主语。 但是我们说To whom did you give the letter? （你把信给谁了?）， 因为whom 是介词 to 的宾语； 在句子The man whom the papers criticized did not show up, （报纸上批评的那个人没有来）， 因为whom 是动词 criticized 的宾语 。在复杂的句子里，正确应用这些规则需要相当的努力和注意。正确地造出如I met the man whom the government had tried to get France to extradite （我遇到了政府曾努力让法国引渡的那个人）这样的句子， 在写whom 之前我们必须预知它将作动词 extradite 的宾语， 尽管两个词离得很远。这也就难怪自莎士比亚以来的作家经常把who 和 whom 交换使用了。 尽管在正式文体中两者区别仍然存在，但如果在非正式的交谈中严格地遵守这些规则会被认为说话者或作者可能不顾内容而过分注视说话的形式。在口语和非正式书面语中，who 趋向于代替 whom; 人们会认为象Who did John say he was going to support? （约翰说他将支持谁?）这样句子很自然，尽管严格来说它是不正确的。 相反，在应该用who 的地方用 whom 则显出一种语言上的不稳定， 如Whom shall I say is calling? （我说是谁在打电话?）。 当关系代词替代句尾的介词宾语时，whom 在理论上是正确的形势： 严格的语法坚持Whom （而不是 who ) did you give it to?（你把它给谁了？） 但从诺·韦伯斯特以来的语法学家认为whom 在这种情况下过分正式，而把介词放在句尾相对来说又不正式，这就有了矛盾，所以在这种情况下用 who 完全可以接受。 关系代词who 可以用在限定关系从句中，前面不要加逗号， 也可用在非限定关系从句中，则需要加逗号。所以我们既可以说The scientist who discovers a cure for cancer will be immortalized （发现治愈癌症的方法的科学家将会因此而不朽）， 在此处从句who discovers a cure for cancer 指这样的科学家将会不朽， 也可以说The mathematician over there, who solved the four-color theorem, is widely known （在那边的数学家非常出名，他解决了四色定理）， 从句who solved the four-color theorem 给已经由短语 the mathematician over there 确定了的人增加了一些有关他的信息。 有些语法学家认为只有who 而不是 that 可以连接表示人的限定性关系从句。 这种限制在逻辑上没有根据，在最优秀作家的用法中也未有根据；无论说the man that wanted to talk to you （想要跟你说话的那个人）或 the man who wanted to talk to you 都是完全可以接受的。 有关who 和 whom 的语法规则同样适用于 whoever 和 whomever 参见 else,that,whose〔Hamiltonian〕After Sir William Rowan Hamilton (1805-1865), Irish mathematician 源自威廉·若万 哈密顿 (1805-1865年），爱尔兰数学家 〔Galois〕French mathematician who made valuable contributions to number theory algebra before being killed in a duel at the age of 21.伽罗瓦，艾瓦里斯特：(1811-1832) 法国数学家，21岁时在一场决斗中被杀，对数字理论代数做出了很大的贡献〔Weil〕French mathematician who influenced the development of modern number theory and algebraic geometry.魏尔：一位影响近代数字理论与代数几何学之发展的法国数学家〔Banneker〕American mathematician and astronomer who published an almanac (1792-1802) containing ephemerides that he had calculated.班尼克，本杰明：(1731-1806) 美国数学家和天文学家，他出版了一本历书（1792-1802年），其中包含他计算出的星历表〔See〕American astronomer and mathematician who investigated double stars and developed the wave theory of gravitation.西易，托马斯·杰斐逊·杰克逊：(1866-1962) 美国天文学家和数学家，他观测了双星座并发展了万有引力波理论〔Dee〕English mathematician, alchemist, and astrologer who was a favorite of Elizabeth I, for whom he did both scientific and astrological studies.迪，约翰：(1527-1608) 英国数学家，炼金术士和星相家，曾得宠于伊丽莎白一世。为了女王，他既做科学研究又做星相研究〔Jeans〕British astronomer, physicist, and mathematician noted for his work on the kinetic theory of gases and his investigations into the relationships between mathematical concepts and the natural world.詹姆斯，詹姆斯·霍普伍德：(1877-1946) 英国天文学家、物理学家和数学家。以气体动力学的研究和探索数学同自然界之间的关系著称〔Napier〕Scottish mathematician who invented logarithms and introduced the use of the decimal point in writing numbers.纳皮尔，约翰：(1550-1617) 苏格兰数学家，他发明了对数并推广了小数点在记数中的用法 |
| 随便看 |
|
英汉汉英双解词典收录301015条英汉双解翻译词条，可根据汉字查询相应的英文词汇，基本涵盖了全部常用汉字的英文读音、翻译及用法，是英语学习及翻译工作的有利工具。