| 单词 | 直接 |
| 释义 | 〔charter〕A royal charter exempted the Massachusetts colony from direct interference by the Crown.一张皇家的特许状，使马萨诸塞州殖民地免受英王直接干涉〔ressentiment〕A generalized feeling of resentment and often hostility harbored by one individual or group against another, especially chronically and with no means of direct expression.无名怨恨，愤慨：个人或集团对其它个人或集团怀有的怨恨和常隐藏的带敌意的感情，尤指长期、无法直接表达的怨恨〔taille〕A form of direct royal taxation that was levied in France before 1789 on nonprivileged subjects and lands and tended to weigh most heavily on the peasants.租税：法国在1789年以前向没有特权的臣民和土地征收的直接上交皇室的一种税种，该税收形式的负担主要落在了农民身上〔exocrine〕Secreting externally, directly or through a duct:外分泌的：直接或通过导管向外分泌的：〔letterpress〕The process of printing from a raised inked surface.凸版印刷：一种直接从着墨的浮凸表面印刷的过程〔baronetess〕A woman holding a British hereditary title of honor reserved for commoners, ranking immediately below the barons and above all orders of knighthood except the Garter.准女伯爵：直接位于男爵之下但位于除嘉德勋位者外的，所有骑士等级之上的英国世袭身份女性拥有者〔amateur〕When Mrs. T.W. Atkinson remarked in her 1863Recollections of the Tartar Steppes and their Inhabitants, "I am no amateur of these melons,” she usedamateur in a sense unfamiliar to us. That sense, "a lover, an admirer,” is, however, clearly descended from the senses of the word's ultimate Latin source,amātor, "lover, devoted friend, devotee, enthusiastic pursuer of an objective,” and from its immediate Latin-derived French source,amateur, with a similar range of meanings. First recorded in English in 1784 with the sense in which Mrs. Atkinson used it,amateur is found in 1786 with a meaning more familiar to us, "a person who engages in an art, for example, as a pastime rather than as a profession,” a sense that had already developed in French.Given the limitations of doing something as an amateur,it is not surprising that the word is soon after recorded in the disparaging sensewe still use to refer to someone who lacks professional skill or ease in performance.当T.W.阿特金森夫人在她1863年出版的塔塔·史坦普和其居民回忆录， 中提到“我并不喜欢这些瓜果”时， 她使用的amateur 是我们所不熟悉的一个意思。 可是这种“爱好者，喜爱者，”的意思显然有其正宗拉丁语来源，amator, 意思是“爱人，忠实的朋友，奉献者，对某目标热情的追求者”， 还有由拉丁语直接派生出的法语来源，amateur, 具有相似的意思。 1784年记录在英语文字中出现的这个词正是阿特金森夫人使用的意思，1786年出现的amateur 有我们更为熟悉的意思， “如一个从事艺术，把它作为一项消遣，而不是一个职业的人，”法语的词早已发展了这种意思。如果把意思限定为从事业余活动的人，这个词被记录下来后不久就有了贬义含意，也就不足为奇了，我们用它来指在表演中缺乏专业技巧或缺乏得心应手的感觉〔immediately〕met with the parties immediately involved in the suit.直接去见诉讼的当事人〔intrusion〕The forcing of molten rock into an earlier formation.侵入：熔岩对早先形成岩石的直接进入〔denote〕Denote means "to mark" or "to signify directly"; connote means "to suggest or convey to the mind what is not explicit.”In speaking of words or expressions,denote describes the relation between the expression and the thing it conventionally names, whereasconnote describes the relation between the word and the images or associations it evokes. Thus, the wordChristmas denotes the holiday celebrated on December 25 and connotes turkey, mistletoe, and chestnuts roasting on an open fire.Denote 意思是“作标记“或“直接记作“： connote 意思是“暗示那些没有明显表示出来的意义”。在表示词和词组意义时denote 描述词语与某事物通常意义之间的关系， 而connote 描述的是这个词与它唤起的图象或联想之间的关系。 这样Chrismas 这个词指(denote)在十二月二十五日庆祝的那个节日， 并意味着火鸡、圣诞树或在篝火上烧烤的栗子〔epilogue〕A short poem or speech spoken directly to the audience following the conclusion of a play.收场白：戏剧结束后直接对观众说的道白或短诗〔shyster〕The origin ofshyster was not known for certain until recently. According to one etymology,shyster comes from the surname of one Scheuster, a disreputable and almost certainly nonexistent mid-19th-century attorney.In his bookHuman Words, a collection of words formed from the names of people, Robert Hendrickson says that Dr. Henry Bosley Woolf and others "list the New York advocate as a possible source.”But the actual etymology, according to Gerald L. Cohen, a student of the word,is less flattering.According to this etymology,the word is derived from the German termscheisser, meaning literally "one who defecates,”from the verbscheissen, "to defecate,” with the English suffix-ster, "one who does,” substituted for the German suffix -er, meaning the same thing. Sheisser, which is chiefly a pejorative term, is the German equivalent of our English termsbastard and son of a bitch. Sheisser is generally thought to have been borrowed directly into English as the word shicer, which, among other things, is an Australian English term for an unproductive mine or claim,a sense that is also recorded for the wordshyster. shyster 一词的来源直到最近才能较确切地弄清楚。 根据词源，shyster 来自一个叫 Scheuster 的人的姓， 他是一位声名狼籍而且很可能并不存在的19世纪中期的律师。罗伯特·亨德里克森在他的人类词汇 （一本由人名组成的词汇集）一书中说， 亨利·博斯利·任尔夫博士和其他的人“将纽约的鼓吹者列为一种可能的出处”。但是据加兰德·L·科恩——一位研究词汇的学生看来，这个词的真正词源更令人不快。根据这种词源，这个词来自德语Scheisser， 字面意义为“大便的人”，是从动词scheissen “排泄”而来， 用一英语词缀-ster （做…的人）代替了表相同意义的德语词缀 -er 。 Sheisser 主要用作贬蔑语， 在德语中相当于我们英语中bastard 及 son of a bitch。 Sheisser一般被认为是直接借入英语作为 Schicer 一词， 在澳式英语中指不再产出的矿山或没有结果的要求，这一意义也被记录在Shyster 这个词中 〔straight〕Following a direct or correct method or approach; systematic:有条理的：按照直接的或正确的方法或途径的；系统的：〔radioactivity〕Spontaneous emission of radiation, either directly from unstable atomic nuclei or as a consequence of a nuclear reaction.自动放射：自动地发出辐射，直接源于不稳定的原子核或是作为核反应的结果〔cut〕To go directly and often hastily:迅速行进：直接并且通常快速地行进：〔retailing〕The functions and activities involved in the selling of commodities directly to consumers.零售：涉及直接将商品售给顾客的作用和活动〔limbo〕Our use of the wordlimbo to refer to states of oblivion, confinement, or transition is derived from the theological sense ofLimbo as a place where souls remain that cannot enter heaven, for example, unbaptized infants.Limbo in Roman Catholic theology is located on the border of Hell, which explains the name chosen for it.The Latin wordlimbus, having meanings such as "an ornamental border to a fringe" and "a band or girdle,” was chosen by Christian theologians of the Middle Ages to denote this border region.English borrowed the wordlimbus directly, but the formlimbo that caught on in English, first recorded in a work composed around 1378,is from the ablative form oflimbus, the form that would be used in expressions such asin limbō, "in Limbo.” 我们用limbo 这个词指被忘却、监禁或过渡的状态， 此用法源于Limbo 的神学含义， 指那些不能升入天堂的灵魂（如未受洗的儿童）所在地。Limbo 在罗马天主教的教义中指位于地狱的边境， 这也是为什么选这个词指地狱的边境的原因。拉丁词limbus 有诸如“流苏或穗状的装饰性花边“和”嵌条或腰带”的意思， 中世纪的基督教神学家选用这个词来指这种边界地区。英语直接借用了limbus 这个词， 但出现于英语中的limbo 这种形式， 首次记载于1378年左右完成的作品中，它源自limbus 的夺格形式， 这种用法是在短语in limbo 中出现的，意思是“在地狱的边界地区” 〔dyadic〕The direct product(B·C)AD of two dyads AB and CD. 并矢式：两个并矢(B·C)AD 和 AB 直接得出的积 CD 〔spectrohelioscope〕An instrument used to observe solar radiation directly.太阳单色光观测镜：用来直接观察太阳辐射的仪器〔spermatophore〕A capsule or compact mass of spermatozoa extruded by the males of certain invertebrates and primitive vertebrates and directly transferred to the reproductive parts of the female.精子包囊，精包：某些雄性无脊椎动物或低级脊椎动物射出的直接进入雌性生殖系统中的精子囊或紧密的精子团〔democracy〕Government by the people, exercised either directly or through elected representatives.民主政府：人民直接管理或通过选举出来的代表间接管理的政府〔positive〕Driven by or generating power directly through intermediate machine parts having little or no play:直接的：直接由有很少或完全没有转动空间的中级机器设备启动或产生动力的：〔superstructure〕In Marxist theory, the ideologies or institutions of a society as distinct from the basic processes and direct social relations of material production and economics.上层建筑：马克思主义理论中，与物质生产的基本过程、直接社会关系和经济相区别的社会思想形态或制度〔myself〕Used reflexively as the direct or indirect object of a verb or as the object of a preposition:用作反身代词，或用作介词宾语或动词的直接或间接宾语：〔contagium〕The direct cause, such as a bacterium or virus, of a communicable disease. Also called contagion 传染原：传染性疾病的直接病因，例如某种细菌或病毒 也作 contagion〔pit〕a war that pitted brother against brother.一场兄弟之间直接对立的战争〔sublimate〕To transform directly from the solid to the gaseous state or from the gaseous to the solid state without becoming a liquid.升华：不经液态而由固态直接转变为气态或由气态直接转变为固态〔dear〕Highly esteemed or regarded. Used in direct address, especially in salutations:敬爱的：极尊敬的，很敬仰的。常用于直接的称呼中，尤指用于尊称：〔ferrotype〕A positive photograph made directly on an iron plate varnished with a thin sensitized film. Also called tintype 铁版照相：直接在用感光底片上了光的铁盘上制成的相片正像 也作 tintype〔baronet〕A man holding a British hereditary title of honor reserved for commoners, ranking immediately below the barons and above all orders of knighthood except the Garter.准男爵：直接位于男爵之下但位于除嘉德勋位者外的，所有骑士等级之上的世袭身份拥有者，通常授予平民〔contagion〕Disease transmission by direct or indirect contact.接触传染：通过直接或间接接触来传播的疾病〔chagrin〕The ultimate etymology of the wordchagrin, which comes directly to us from French, is considered uncertain by many etymologists. At one timechagrin was thought to be the same word as shagreen, "a leather or skin with a rough surface,” derived from French chagrin. The reasoning wasthat in French the word for this rough material, which was used to smooth and polish things,was extended to the notion of troubles that fret and annoy a person.It was later decided, however,that the sense "rough leather" and the sense "sorrow" each belonged to a different French wordchagrin. Other etymologists have offered an alternative explanation,suggesting that the French wordchagrin, "sorrow,” is a loan translation of the German word Katzenjammer, "a morning-after-the-night-before feeling.” A loan translation is a type of borrowing from another languagein which the elements of a foreign word,as inKatzen, "cats,” and Jammer, "distress, seediness,” are assumed to be translated literally by corresponding elements in another language,in this case,chat, "cat,” and grigner, "to grimace.” The actual etymology is less colorful,with the word probably going back to a Germanic word,.gramī, meaning "sorrow, trouble.”Chagrin is first recorded in English in 1656 in the now obsolete sense "anxiety, melancholy.”我们从法语直接借用的词chagrin 的最终词源被许多词源学家认为是不能确定的。 Charin 曾经被认为和由法语词 chagrin 派生出来的 shagreen “有粗糙表面的皮革或皮肤”是同一个词。 理由是，这种粗糙材料是用来打磨和抛光物品用的，法语里的这个词被引申到有了使人懊恼和烦恼的意思。但后来才确定，“粗糙的皮革”的含义和“沮丧”的含义分属于一个不同的法语词chagrin 。 别的词源学家提出了另外一种解释，说法语词chagrin “沮丧”是借译于日耳曼语词 Katzenjammer “醉后的难受感”。 借译是借用另一种语言，即外语词的成分，如Katzen “猫”，和 Jammer “沮丧，不舒服”， 并照那种语言的对应成分直译过来，在这种情况下为chat “猫”和 grigner “做怪相”。 实际的语源没有这么富于趣味，这个词极可能要追溯到日耳曼语词grami ， 意思为“愁苦，麻烦”。Chagrin 第一次出现在英语里有记载的时间是在1656年， 当时的含义“焦虑，忧郁”现已过时不用〔draft〕A written order directing the payment of money from an account or fund.汇款：指示直接从户头或基金付款的书面命令〔straight〕Without detour or delay:直接地：不带弯路或耽搁的：〔beeline〕A direct, straight course.直线：直接的、不绕行的路线〔clinical〕Involving or based on direct observation of the patient:临床的：涉及或基于对患者的直接观察的：〔draft〕Drawn from a large container, such as a keg.散装的，直接汲取的：从一个大容器中汲取的，如酒桶〔impact〕Each generation of critics seems to select one particular usage to stand as the emblem of what they view as linguistic crassness.Thirty years ago it was the use ofcontact as a verb, but opposition to that form has more or less disappeared,and attention now focuses on the verbal use ofimpact meaning "have an effect, affect.” Eighty-four percent of the Usage Panel disapproves of the constructionto impact on, as in the phrasesocial pathologies, common to the inner city, that impact heavily on such a community; and fully 95 percent disapproves of the use ofimpact as a transitive verb in the sentence Companies have used disposable techniques that have a potential for impacting our health. But even these figures do not reflect the degree of distaste with which critics view the usage:in their comments some Panelists labeled the usage as "bureaucratic,” "pretentious,” "vile,” and "a vulgarism.” ·It may be that the particular pretentiousness associated with the verbal use ofimpact is caused by its derivation from an already questionable metaphoric use of the noun impact, as in phrases such asthe political impact of the decision or the impact of the program on the community, in which no more is usually meant than might have been expressed by effects or consequences. But thoughimpact may have begun life a generation ago as an inflated substitute for "affect significantly,” it has by now become so common in corporate and institutional contexts that younger speakers appear to regard it as wholly standard and straightforward usage.Within a few years, accordingly,the usage is likely to be no more objectionable thancontact is now, since it will no longer betray any particular pretentiousness on the part of those who use it.See Usage Note at contact 每一代的批评家好象都挑了一个特别的用法作为他们认为的语言上的愚蠢行为的象征。三十年以前是contact 作为动词的用法， 但是对这种形式的反对或多或少已经消失了，注意力现在集中到了impact 意思为“有不好的影响、影响”的动词用法上。 用法专题小组成员中百分之八十四不同意to impact on 的结构， 如在短语对内城区来说很普通的社会病理学，对这样一个社区产生了很大影响的 当中； 百分之九十五的成员完全不同意impact 在句子 公司已经使用了可能会对我们的健康产生不良影响的易处理技术 中当作及物动词来使用。 但是即使是这些数字也没有反映出批评家们对这种用法厌恶的程度：在他们的评论当中有些成员把这种用法说成是“官僚主义的”、“装腔作势的”，“可耻的”，还说这是“粗鄙的语言。”也许和impact 的动词用法有关联的虚饰成份是由于它是从名词 impact 的一个早有争议的比喻用法衍变而来造成的。 如在短语这个决定在政治上的影响 或者 这个计划对公众的影响 中它的意思并没有比用 effects 或者 consequences 表达出来的意思要多。 尽管impact 作为“明显地影响”的夸大了的替代可能在一代人之前开始产生， 但是现在的年轻一代使用者看上去把它当成了完全标准的、直接的用法，这在共同的和惯例的文章中已经很普遍了。相应地在几年内，这种用法很有可能不比今天的contact 更引起反对， 因为对于那些使用它的人来说这不会再显得有点矫揉造作了 参见 contact〔quotation〕"Direct quotations from other paintings are fairly sparse"(Robert Hughes)“从别人的画作中直接借用是相当少见的”(罗伯特·休斯)〔refrigerant〕A substance, such as air, ammonia, water, or carbon dioxide, used to provide cooling either as the working substance of a refrigerator or by direct absorption of heat.致冷剂：能够提供空气、氨、水或二氧化碳等冷却的物质或可以用作电冰箱工作物质的一部分或可以用于直接吸热 |
| 随便看 |
|
英汉汉英双解词典收录301015条英汉双解翻译词条，可根据汉字查询相应的英文词汇，基本涵盖了全部常用汉字的英文读音、翻译及用法，是英语学习及翻译工作的有利工具。