| 单词 | 美国南方 |
| 释义 | 〔Pickett〕American Confederate general known for leading the disastrous Pickett's Charge at Gettysburg (1863), in which three fourths of his troops were lost.皮克特，乔治·爱德华：(1825-1875) 美国南方邦联军将军，因在葛底斯堡战役(1863年）中领导了灾难性的“皮克特冲锋”而闻名，在此战斗中他丧失了其部队的四分之三〔Southernism〕A trait, an attitude, or a practice characteristic of the South or southerners, especially in the United States.南方特点：南方或南方人特有的性格、态度或习俗，尤指美国南方〔southerner〕A native or inhabitant of the south, especially the southern United States.南方人：南方本地人或居住在南方的人，尤指美国南方人〔redneck〕Used as a disparaging term for a member of the white rural laboring class, especially in the southern United States.红脖子，乡下佬：对属于农村劳动阶层，特别是美国南方这一阶层白人的贬称〔pone〕A staple of the early American colonies from New England southward to Virginia waspone, a bread made by Native Americans from flat cakes of cornmeal dough baked in ashes.Derived from an Algonquian word meaning "to roast" or "to bake,”pone is one of several Virginia Algonquian words (including hominy and tomahawk ) borrowed into the English of the Atlantic seaboard. The wordpone, usually in the compound cornpone, is now used mainly in the South,where it means cakes of cornbread baked on a griddle or in hot ashes—as the Native Americans originally cooked it.从新英格兰往南至弗吉尼亚等早期的美洲殖民地人的一种主食玉米面包， 即由土著美洲人制作的一种面包，将扁平的玉米面团放在灰烬中烤制而成。pone 是由阿尔贡金语中一个意为“烤肉”或“烤面包”的词派生而来，它是被大西洋沿岸英语借用的几个弗吉尼亚阿尔贡金语词汇中的一个（还包括 homing牛奶玉米片粥 和 Bomahawk印第安战斧） 。 pone 这个词通常用在 cornpone 这一复合词中， 现在主要在美国南方使用，在那儿它意指在一只圆烤盘或热灰中烤出的玉米面糕——就象当初美洲土著人的那种做法〔hisself〕Speakers of some vernacular American dialects, particularly in the South, may use the possessive reflexive formhisself instead of himself (as in He cut hisself shaving ) and theirselves or theirself for themselves (as in They found theirselves alone ). These forms reflect the tendency of speakers of vernacular dialects to regularize irregular patterns found in the corresponding standard variety. In Standard English, the pattern of reflexive pronoun forms shows slightly irregular patterning; all forms but two are composed of the possessive form of the pronoun and -self or -selves, as in myself or ourselves. The exceptions are himself and themselves, which are formed by attaching the suffix -self/-selves to the object forms of he and they rather than their possessive forms. Speakers who use hisself and theirselves are smoothing out the pattern's inconsistencies by applying the same rule to all forms in the set.·A further regularization is the use of -self regardless of number, yielding the forms ourself and theirself. Using a singular form in a plural context may seem imprecise, but the plural meaning of ourself and theirself is made clear by the presence of the plural forms our- and their-. Hisself and theirselves have origins in British English and are still prevalent today in vernacular speech in England. 一些美国本土方言的使用者，尤其是美国南方人，可能会用所有格的反身代词形式hisself 代替 himself （如 He cut hisself shaving﹝刮脸时他割到自己﹞ ）以及 theirselves 或 theirself 代替 themselves （如 They found theirselves alone﹝他们发觉自己很孤独﹞ ）。这些形式反映出本土方言使用者试图规则化相应标准变化中的不规则模式。在标准英语中，反身代词模式显示出略微不规则模式的形成；除两个反身代词外，所有的反身代词都由代词的所有格形式加 -self 或 -selves 构成（如 myself 或 ourselves ）。例外的就是 himself 和 themselves ，将后缀 -self/-selves 附加在 he 和 they 的宾格形式而不是所有格形式上形成。采用 hisself 和 theirselves 的本土方言使用者消除了将同一规则用于一组中所有形式时产生的模式矛盾。进一步的规则化是不考虑数量而全部使用 -self ，由此产生 ourself 和 theirself 。在复数上下文中使用单数形式似乎有失严谨，但 ourself 和 theirself 的复数含义已由复数形式的 our- 和 their-清楚表明。Hisself 和 theirselves 起源于英式英语并在英国本土语言中依然流行 〔slavocracy〕A ruling group of slaveholders or advocates of slavery, as in the southern United States before 1865.蓄奴派：奴隶主统治阶级或奴隶制的鼓吹者，比如1865年以前在美国南方〔Hurston〕American writer. In her several books and novels, includingTheir Eyes Were Watching God (1937), she gives detailed and sensitive accounts of Black life in the South. 赫斯顿，佐拉·尼尔：(1901?-1960) 美国作家。她的书和小说中对美国南方黑人的生活进行了详尽、感人的描绘，包括《他们在观望上帝》 （1937年） 〔Ewell〕American Confederate general who took part in the battles of Gettysburg (1863) and the Wilderness (1864) and was captured in Pennsylvania with all his men (1865).尤厄，理查德·斯托德：(1817-1872) 美国南方邦联的将军，参加了盖茨堡战役（1863年）和威尔德尼斯战役（1864年），1865年与所部一起在宾夕法尼亚被俘〔Yankee〕Yankee is an excellent example of a widely known word whose origins cannot be determined. The best hypothesis is thatYankee comes from Dutch Janke, a nickname forJan, "John.” Evidence can be found in theOxford English Dictionary that the forms Yankey, Yanky, and Yankee were used as surnames or nicknames in the 17th century. The wordYankee is first found in one of our modern senses in 1758, the sense being "a New Englander.” The 17th-century nickname forJan was derisive, and the first instances of our word show the term being used derisively by the British for New Englanders.After the Battle of Lexington (1775) New Englanders dignified the name.The British were responsible for application of the term to all Americans (a use first recorded around 1784);and Southerners, for application of the term to Northerners (first recorded in 1817).Yankee 是一个广为人知但来源不明的单词的极好例证。 最好的假设是Yankee 来自于荷兰语 Janke, 是Jan “约翰”的浑名。 从《牛津英语字典》 可以找到证据证明 Yankey,Yanky 和 Yankee 这些形式在17世纪曾被用作姓氏或浑名。 Yankee 一词的第一个现代意义出现于1758年，即“新英格兰人”。 17世纪Jan 的浑名含有嘲弄意味， 该词的第一例用法也说明英国人用它来嘲弄新英格兰人。在莱克星顿战役(1775年）后，新英格兰人赋于了它尊严与荣誉。英国人用该词来指称所有美国人（首次出现于1784年）；美国南方人则用它指称北方人（首次出现于1817年）〔south〕South The southern part of the United States, especially the states that fought for the Confederacy in the Civil War. South 美国南方地区：美国的南方地区，尤指美国内战时为南部邦联作战的各州 |
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