| 单词 | 联邦制 |
| 释义 | 〔ax〕To understand the origin of the idiomax to grind, we need to know thatgrind means "to sharpen.” This phrase is said to have come from a story by the 19th-century journalist Charles Miner (alias Poor Robert) about a seemingly friendly manwho was able by flattery to persuade a young boy to turn a grindstone for him.The tale first appeared in the Luzerne, Pennsylvania,Federalist on September 7, 1810, under the title "Who'll Turn Grindstones?” and later in an 1815 book entitledEssays from the Desk of Poor Robert the Scribe. Because "Poor Robert" was confused with "Poor Richard,”the story has often been erroneously attributed to Benjamin Franklin.The idiom itself is an Americanism—a word or expression originating in the United States.It was at first restricted to political contexts,but quotations from James Joyce ("Skin-the-Goat . . . evidently with an axe to grind, was airing his grievances")and George Bernard Shaw ("distinguished statesmen of different nations . . . each with a national axe to grind") attest that the phrase has traveled abroad and,as we know only too well, is no longer found only in political contexts.为了理解成语ax to grind 的出处， 我们需要知道grind 意思是“磨尖”。 这个短语据说出自19世纪旅行家查尔斯·麦纳（别名穷罗伯特）所写的关于一个似乎很友善的人的故事，他能够奉承地劝说一名男孩为他翻过一块磨光石。这个传说第一次出现在1810年9月7日宾夕法尼亚州的卢泽恩，在1810年9月7日题为“谁将推翻磨石”的联邦制拥护者 中提到， 之后1815年又在名为作家穷·罗伯特文集 一书中提到。 因为"poor Robert和"poor Richard"易被弄混淆，这个故事经常被错误地认为是本杰明·弗兰克林创作的。这个成语本身是美国式的词或表达源于美国。一开始被限于在政治性言词的情况中使用，但是从以下的引文表明这个短语已广泛地传播，一个是引于詹姆斯·琼斯（“这个显然别有企图的披着人皮的狼，正在诉苦”），另一个引自乔治·萧伯纳（“辨认出不同国家的人…每个国家都有自己国家的打算”），正如我们所熟知的，它不会只在政治性言论的上下文间才可以找到的〔Dwight〕American clergyman, author, and educator who was a leading supporter of Federalism and served as president of Yale University (1795-1817). His grandsonTimothy (1828-1916) was also president of Yale (1886-1899). 德怀特，提摩太：(1752-1817) 美国神职人员、作家和教育家，联邦制的主要支持者，曾任耶鲁大学校长(1795-1817年）。他的祖父德姆西 (1828-1916年）也曾担任过耶鲁校长(1886-1899年） 〔federalism〕A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units.联邦制：一种权力由中央权力机构与组成联邦的政体分享的管理制度〔Australia〕A commonwealth comprising the continent of Australia, the island state of Tasmania, two external territories, and several dependencies. The first British settlement, a penal colony at Fort Jackson (now part of Sydney), was established in 1788. The present-day states grew as separate colonies; six of them formed a federation in 1901. In 1911 Northern Territory joined the commonwealth and the Capital Territory, site of Canberra, was created. Canberra is the capital and Sydney is the largest city. Population, 15,544,500.澳大利亚：联邦制国家，由澳洲大陆塔斯马尼亚州岛，两块外部疆域及几个附属岛屿组成。英国于1788年在杰克逊堡（现悉尼一部分）建立第一块流放殖民者居住地。现今的各州已成为独立的殖民地；其中六州于1901年组建联邦。1911年北部地区加入联邦，作为首都地区的堪培拉这时也形成了。堪培拉为首都，悉尼为最大城市。人口15,544,500〔federal〕Of or constituting a form of government in which sovereign power is divided between a central authority and a number of constituent political units.联邦制的：组成一种政府形式的，其中最高权力由中央权力机构与政治组织成员分享 |
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