| 单词 | 认识到 |
| 释义 | 〔bereft〕"Today's graduates seem keenly aware that the future is bereft of conventional expectations"(Bruce Weber)“现在的毕业生似乎敏锐地认识到了未来缺乏旧有的期望”(布鲁斯·韦伯)〔sensible〕"I am sensible that a good deal more is still to be done"(Edmund Burke)See Synonyms at aware “我认识到还有许多事情要做”(埃德蒙·伯克) 参见 aware〔aware〕Having knowledge or cognizance:意识到的或认识到的：〔appreciate〕To recognize the quality, significance, or magnitude of:重视，赏识：认识到…的质量、显著性或重要性：〔wake〕suddenly woke to the danger we were in.突然地认识到我们所处的危险〔wit〕To be or become aware of; learn.知道：知道，认识到；得知〔immaterial〕The wordimmaterial, meaning "of no importance or relevance,” has made its way in the world in spite of the opposition of no less a figure than Samuel Johnson. Johnson stated that "this sense has crept into the conversation and writings of barbarians; but ought to be utterly rejected.”More than two centuries laterit is difficult for us to recover Johnson's strength of feeling,and this tale might in fact serve as a warning to those who believe that the usages they abominate will not survive and become standard.Although Johnson was a man of immense learning,he did not have the lexicographical resources available today.If Johnson had had access to theOxford Latin Dictionary and the Middle English Dictionary, among other works, he would have seen that frommāter, meaning "a mother,” "a plant as the source of things such as cuttings or fruit,” and "a source,”was derived the wordmāteria, meaning "wood as a building material,” "any substance of which a physical object is made,” "the subject matter of a speech or book,” and "the condition whereby an action is effected.”The adjectivemāteriālis derived from māteria only meant "of or concerned with subject matter" in Classical Latin, but its descendant in Late and Medieval Latin and its descendants in Old French (materiel ) and Middle English ( material ) developed other meanings, such as "consisting of matter.”One Middle English sense, "important, relevant,”that probably harks back to senses of Classical Latinmāteria such as "subject matter" continued in existence after Middle English times. So it was natural for the English wordimmaterial, first recorded in the 15th century, to come to mean "not important,” in spite of Johnson's wrath.尽管不只塞缪尔·约翰逊一个人反对意思为“不重要的，无关紧要的”，immaterial 这个词还是产生了。 约翰逊声明：“这个意思偷偷出现在野蛮民族的对话和写作中；但应该遭到完全抵制。”两个多世纪之后，我们很难重新找到约翰逊强烈的感受。这个故事实际上可以算是对那些认为他们厌恶的用法不可能生存和标准化的人的一种警告。尽管约翰逊是一个博学的人，但是他没有今天可以得到的词汇学的资料。如果约翰逊除了其他著作外能得到牛津拉丁语词典 和 中古英语词典 的话， 他就能从中认识到这一点：mater ， 意思为“母亲”，“作为诸如剪下的东西或水果来源的一株植物”和“来源”，是由materia ， 意思为“建筑用的木材”，“用于制造物体的任何材料”，“讲话或著作的主题”和“影响一个行动的条件”而衍变而来的。形容词materalis 是由在古典拉丁语中仅仅意味着“和主题有关的” materia 衍变而来的， 但它在中古拉丁语和后期拉丁语中的衍生词和古法语中的衍生词(materiel )以及中古英语中的衍生词( material )继续发展有了其他的意思， 如“由物质组成的”。中古英语的一个意思“重要的、有关的”，很可能追溯到古典拉丁语materia 的意思如“主题”在中古英语时期之后继续存在。 因此，最早在15世纪被记录下来的英语单词immaterial 至今仍有“不重要的”的意思是很自然的， 尽管约翰逊对此很愤怒〔recognition〕An awareness that something perceived has been perceived before.认出：认识到所见之事物是原来曾见过的〔aware〕"an importance . . . of which even Americans are barely conscious" (William Stanley Jevons). “一种甚至连美国人也几乎没有认识到的重要性” （威廉姆·斯坦利·杰文斯）。〔Handy〕American musician and composer. He was the first person to recognize the importance of blues as a legitimate musical form and the first to publish a blues composition, "The Memphis Blues" (1911).汉迪，威廉·克里斯托费尔：(1873-1958) 美国音乐家、作曲家。他第一个认识到布鲁斯作为一种正规的音乐形式的重要性的，并且也是他首次出版了一部布鲁斯乐曲“孟斐斯布鲁斯”(1911年）〔incognizant〕incognizant of the new political situation.没有认识到新的政治形势的〔sell〕To persuade (another) to recognize the worth or desirability of:说服：劝说使（别人）认识到价值或优点：〔unforeseen〕Not felt or realized beforehand; unexpected:未预见到的：预先没有感觉或认识到的；未预料到：〔aware〕aware of their limitations.认识到他们的局限性〔recognize〕To perceive or show acceptance of the validity or reality of:承认，认可：认识到或表现出接受…的合理性或真实性：〔religious〕"To know that what is impenetrable to us really exists . . . is at the center of true religiousness.In this sense, and in this sense only, I belong to the ranks of the devoutly religious men" (Albert Einstein).“认识到我们所不能理解的事物确实存在…是真正宗教性的中心。在这个意义上，也只有在这个意义上来说，我属于虔诚地信教徒的行列” （阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦）。〔comet〕Comets have been feared throughout much of human history,and even in our own time their goings and comings receive great attention.Perhaps a comet might seem less awesome if we realized that our name for it is based on a figurative resemblance between it and human beings.This figurative name is recorded first in the works of Aristotle,in which he useskomē, the Greek word for "hair of the head,” to mean "luminous tail of a comet.” Aristotle then uses the derived wordkomētēs, "wearing long hair,” as a noun meaning "comet.” The Greek word was adopted into Latin ascomētēs, which was refashioned in Late Latin and given the formcomēta, furnishing Old English with comēta, the earliest English ancestor of our wordcomet. 在大多数人类历史期间，人们害怕彗星，甚至在我们自己的时代彗星的到来与离去仍受到很大注意。如果我们认识到我们对它的名字是基于它和人在外形上的相似性，也许彗星看起来就不太可怕了。比喻的名字首先记录在亚里士多德的著作中，他使用的kome 是希腊语中意为“头发”的词，表示“彗星明亮的尾巴。 然后亚里士多德使用导出的单词kometes “戴长发”，作为名词意义的"comet"。 希腊单词被采用到拉丁语为cometes， 它再形成晚期拉丁语，给定形式为cometa， 以 cometa 的形式出现于老式英语， 这就是我们单词comet 的最早英语原形 〔common〕Familiar applies to what is well known or quickly recognized through frequent occurrence or regular association: Familiar 用于指普遍知道的或通过经常出现或正常联系迅速认识到的： 〔regret〕He had hoped that our policy of not dealing with terrorists would be an example to other countries but soon realized, to his regret, that we didn't practice what we preached.他曾经希望我们不和恐怖分子打交道的政策能成为其他国家的榜样，但是很快就遗憾地认识到我们并不实施我们所宣扬的政策。〔find〕To perceive (oneself) to be in a specific place or condition:感觉到自己所处位置：使（自己）认识到所处的特定位置或情况：〔nap〕The famous verse 4 in Psalm 121,rendered in the King James Version as "Behold, he that keepeth Israel shall neither slumber nor sleep,”is rendered in a Middle English translation as "Loo, ha shal not nappen ne slepen that kepeth ireal.”The wordnappen is indeed the Middle English ancestor of our wordnap. Lest it be thought undignified to say that God could nap,it must be realized that our wordnap was at one time not associated only with the younger and older members of society nor simply with short periods of rest.The ancestors of our word,Old Englishhnappian and its descendant, Middle Englishnappen, could both refer to prolonged periods of sleep as well as short ones and also, as in the quotation from Psalm 121, to sleepiness.But these senses have been lost.Since the word has become less dignified,we would not findnap used in a translation of Psalm 121 any longer. 圣经诗篇121中著名的第四节，在钦定圣经译本中记为“看吧，他，守卫以色列的人既不能熟睡也不能打盹，”在中世纪英语中被译为"Loo , ha shal not nappen ne slepen that kepeth ireal"。单词nappen 在中世纪英语中就存在， 是单词nap 的前身。 避免人们不尊敬地认为上帝也能打盹，我们必须认识到单词nap 某些时候不只是与社会中的年轻人和老年人相关， 当然它也不仅指短暂的休息。这个单词的前身，古英语中hnappian 及后来它的衍生词， 中世纪英语中的nappen 都能表示延长时间的睡眠及短暂的睡眠， 如同圣经诗篇121中的引语，表示小睡。但这些意思都已经失传了。因为这个单词逐渐变得不再神圣，我们已无法再找到nap 用于圣经诗篇121的翻译中的意思了 〔buccaneer〕The Errol Flynn-like figure of the buccaneer pillaging the Spanish Main may seem less dashing if we realize that the termbuccaneer corresponds to the word barbecuer. The first recorded use of the French wordboucanier, which was borrowed into English, referred to a person on the islands of Hispaniola and Tortuga who hunted wild oxen and boars and smoked the meat in a barbecue frame known in French as aboucan. This French word came from an Arawakan or Tupinamba word meaning "a rack, sometimes used for roasting or for storing things, or a racklike platform supporting an Indian house.”The original barbecuers seem to have subsequently adapted a more remunerative way of life, piracy,which accounts for the new meaning given to the word.Buccaneer is recorded first in 1661 in its earlier sense in English; the sense we are familiar with is recorded in 1690.如果我们认识到buccaneer 一词与 barbecuer 一词词意相当，那么象艾洛尔·弗里恩这样掠夺西班牙船只的海盗也许看起来不算是勇敢了。 法语词boucanier 借用到英语中最早记录下来的意义， 是指生活在伊斯帕尼奥拉岛和托丢伽岛上的人，他们猎野牛和野猪，在boucan 这种烧烤架上烤肉。 这个法语词来自阿拉瓦克语或图皮南巴语，意为“一种架子，有时用来炙烤或贮藏食物，或指架状平台，用来支撑印第安人的房子”。专事炙烤的土著后来适应了海上掠夺这一更有利可图的生活方式。这就是boucan一词为什么被赋予了新的意义。Buccaneer 的早些时候的意义于1661年最早用英语记录下来， 而我们所熟悉的该词的含义是于1690年记录下来的〔interdependent〕"Today, the mission of one institution can be accomplished only by recognizing that it lives in an interdependent world with conflicts and overlapping interests"(Jacqueline Grennan Wexler)“今天一个机构只有认识到它是处在冲突和利益的交叉存在，又是相互依存的世界里，它才能完成自己的使命”(杰奎琳·格瑞南·韦克斯勒)〔recognize〕To know to be something that has been perceived before:认出：认识到是以前曾见过的事物：〔wake〕With the governor's defeat the party awoke to the strength of the opposition to its position on abortion.随着州长的失败那个党派清醒地认识到在堕胎问题上反对意见的力量。〔immediate〕Directly apprehended or perceived:直觉的：直接理解或认识到的： |
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