| 单词 | 追溯至 |
| 释义 | 〔automatic〕The wordsautomatic pilot or automatic transmission bring to mind mechanical devices that operate with minimal human intervention. Yet the wordautomatic, which goes back to the Greek word automatos, "acting of one's own will, self-acting, of itself,” made up of two parts,auto-, "self,” and -matos, "willing,” is first recorded in English in 1748 with reference to motions of the body, such as the peristaltic action of the intestines: "The Motions are called automatic from their Resemblance to the Motions of Automata, or Machines, whose Principle of Motion is within themselves.”Although the writer had machines in mind,automatic could be used of living things, a use we still have, although not the primary one. The association ofautomatic chiefly with machinery may represent one instance of many in which we have come to see the world in mechanical terms. 这些单词automatic pilot 或 automatic transmission 带给我们只需最小人力介入即可操作的机械装置的意识。 但这个词automatic， 追溯至希腊单词 automatos， “以个人自身的意志行动，自我行动，” 由两部分组成，auto-， “自我的，”和 -matos， “意愿，” 以作为身体运动的含义于1748年首次记录于英语，如体内的肠蠕动： “这些运动被称为身体内自动的运动，是与机器运动的相似性得出的，其运动原理在于其自身内部。”虽然作者头脑中有机器印象，automatic 可以被用于生物，这种用法虽然不是基本的，但我们仍在使用。 主要将automatic 与机器相联系可能反映了我们眼中的世界越加机械化的情况 〔Gerona〕A city of northeast Spain northeast of Barcelona. Dating from pre-Roman times, it was ruled by the Moors from c. 713 to 785 and from 795 to 1015. Population, 67,259.赫罗纳：西班牙东北部的一座城市，位于巴塞罗那东北。其历史可追溯至罗马史前时代，公元713至785和795年至1015年期间它在摩尔人统治下。人口67,259〔Sogdian〕The extinct Middle Iranian language of this people, known chiefly from texts and inscriptions dating from the second to the ninth centuriesa.d. 索特语：索特人所讲已经失传的伊朗中部语言，目前所知主要为可追溯至公元 第二至第九世纪的文字及铭刻 〔penthouse〕The wordpenthouse and the structure it denotes have both come a long way. The word goes back to Latinappendere, "to cause to be suspended.”In Medieval Latinappendere developed the sense "to belong, depend,” a sense that passed intoapendre, the Old French development ofappendere. Fromapent, the past participle of apendre, came the derivative apentiz, "low building behind or beside a house,” and the Anglo-Norman plural form pentiz. The form without thea- was then borrowed into Middle English, giving uspentis (first recorded about 1300), which was applied to sheds or lean-tos added on to buildings.Because these structures often had sloping roofs,the word was connected with the French wordpente, "slope,” and the second part of the word changed tohouse, which could mean simply "a building for human use.”The use of the term with reference to fancy penthouse apartments developed from the application of the word to a structure built on the roof to cover such things as a stairway or an elevator shaft.Penthouse then came to mean an apartment built on a rooftop and finally the top floor of an apartment building.单词penthouse 及其所代表的结构都经过了长期的演变。 此词可追溯至拉丁语appendere ， 意为“使悬浮”。在中世纪拉丁语中，appendere 的意思演变为“附属，依靠”， 是词形变为apendre 的意义， 由古法语appendere 发展而来。 从apendre 的过去分词 apent 产生出意为“房屋旁边或后面低矮的建筑”的派生词 apentiz 及盎格鲁-诺尔曼复数形式 pentiz 。 没有a- 的形式被借用到中世纪英语， 变成pentis （首次记载于1300年）， 用作加在建筑上的小棚或单倾斜面的小屋。因为这些结构常有斜屋顶，因此该词与法语词pente “斜面”有关， 且此词的第二部分变成house ， 只简单地意为“住人的建筑”。该词与使人想象楼顶房屋有关的使用源自需要用一个词来表示建在屋顶上用来遮挡楼梯或电梯通道的建筑。Penthouse 于是逐渐意为建在屋顶上的房间， 最终意为一个公寓楼的顶层〔Manitowoc〕A city of eastern Wisconsin on Lake Michigan north of Sheboygan. Its shipbuilding industry dates from the 1840's. Population, 32,520.马尼托沃克：美国威斯康星州东部一城市，位于希伯伊根以北密歇根湖湖畔，其造船工业可追溯至19世纪40年代。人口32,520〔Bradford〕A borough of north-central England west of Leeds. Its worsted industry dates from the Middle Ages. Population, 464,100.布拉德福：英国中北部一自治镇，位于利兹西部。其毛纺工业可追溯至中世纪。人口464,100〔modern〕The wordmodern, first recorded in 1585 in the sense "of present or recent times,” has traveled through the centuriesdesignating things that inevitably must become old-fashionedas the word itself goes on to the next modern thing.We have now invented the wordpostmodern, as if we could finally fixmodern in time, but evenpostmodern (first recorded in 1949) will seem fusty in the end, perhaps sooner thanmodern will. Going back to Late Latinmodernus, "modern,” which is derived frommodo in the sense "just now,” the English wordmodern (first recorded at the beginning of the 16th century) was not originally concerned with anything that could be later considered old-fashioned. It simply meant "being at this time, now existing,” an obsolete sense today.Beginning in the later 16th century, however, we see the word contrasted with the wordancient and also used of technology in a way that is clearly related to our own modern way of using the word.Modern was being applied specifically to what pertained to present times and also to what was new and not old-fashioned.Thus in the 19th and 20th centuries the word could be used to designate a movement in art,which is now being followed by postmodernism.单词modern 首次于1585年以“现在的或最近的时代”的意义被记载， 它已经历了数个世纪，表明必然会变得过时的事物，就象这个词本身也会继续走向更加现代。现在我们已发明了单词postmodern， 仿佛我们终于能及时固定住modern 的了， 但即使是postmodern （首次于1949年记载）最终也会显得过时， 也许比modern 更快。 可追溯至近代拉丁词modernus “现代的”， 源自表示“刚才”意思的modo ， 英语单词modern （首先在16世纪初被记载）原本与后来被认为过时的事物没有任何联系。 它只意味着“现时的，现存的”，今天已废弃了的一个意思。然而从16世纪晚期我们看到这个词成为ancient 的反义词并且用于科技， 其意义与我们现在使用的意义明显相关。Modern 当时特指现时的事物， 也指新的且不过时的事物。因此在19世纪和20世纪这个词能被用来表示艺术上的一个运动，现在尾随其后的是后现代主义 |
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