| 单词 | 防御 |
| 释义 | 〔bulwark〕 Parapet applies to any low fortification, typically a wall atop a rampart.Of these wordsbulwark, barricade, rampart, and bastion are the most frequently used to refer figuratively to something regarded as being a safeguard or a source of protection: Parapet 指低矮的防御工事，典型的是壁垒上的墙。Bulwark, barricade, rampart 和 bastion 这些词是最常用来指那些被认为是防御或保护物的东西的词： 〔belfry〕The wordsbell and belfry seem obviously related, but in fact thebel- portion of belfry had nothing to do with bells until comparatively recently. Belfry goes back to a compound formed in prehistoric Common Germanic. It is generally agreed that the second part of this compound is the element.frij-, meaning "peace, safety.” The first element is either.bergan, "to protect,” which would yield a compound meaning "a defensive place of shelter,” or.berg-, "a high place,” which would yield a compound meaning "a high place of safety, tower.”Whatever the meaning of the original Germanic source, its Old French descendantberfrei, which first meant "siege tower,” came to mean "watchtower.” Presumably because bells were used in these towers, the word was applied to bell towers as well.The Old North French alterationbelfroi, which reminded English speakers of their native word belle (our bell ), entered Middle English with the sense "bell tower,” first recorded in 1272.bell 和 belfry 这两个词似乎显著相关， 但事实上直到最近，belfry 词里的 bel 部分才同“钟”这个词联系起来。 Belfry 源于史前普通日耳曼语的复合词。 一般认为这个复合词的第二部分是frij-， 意思是“和平、安全”。 它的第一部分或是"bergan"， 意为“保护”， 该复合词就当“隐蔽防御之地”讲；或是berg 意为“高处”， 该词就是“安全高处；塔”的意思。无论其日耳曼语来源意思是什么，它衍生成古法语的berfrei， 原意为“围塔”，后意为“望塔”。据推测由于钟被用于这些塔里，所以这个词也开始指钟塔了。belfroi 作为古北法语的变体它使英语使用者想到了自己的母语中 belle 一字（我们写做 bell ）， 进入中古英语后意为“钟楼”，首次记载于1272年〔Kingston〕A city of southeast Ontario, Canada, on Lake Ontario near the head of the St. Lawrence River. The present city was founded by Loyalists in 1783 on the site of Fort Frontenac, a crucial defense point in the French and Indian Wars. It was the capital of Canada from 1841 to 1844. Population, 52,616.金斯顿：加拿大安大略省东南部一城市，位于安大略河河边靠近圣劳伦斯河源头处。现在的城市是由亲英分子1783年在龙特耐克堡上建造的，曾是法国与印第安人战争期间的一个重要防御点。从1841至1844年，它是加拿大首都。人口52,616〔brattice〕Middle English bretice [defensive structure] 中古英语 bretice [防御建筑] 〔dexterous〕"This study [of law] renders men acute, inquisitive, dexterous, prompt in attack, ready in defense, full of resources" (Edmund Burke).“这项 研究指出男人敏锐，机警，进攻果断，随时准备防御、充满机智” （埃德蒙·柏克）。〔fencing〕The art or sport of using a foil, an épée, or a saber in attack and defense.击剑，击剑术：用金属薄片、重剑或花剑攻击或防御的艺术或运动〔bulwark〕Something serving as a defense or safeguard:防御物：用来防御或保护的东西：〔caprice〕"Talk of space stations, space manufacturing or space defense will be whimsy until the cost of reaching orbit comes down" (Gregg Easterbrook). “关于空间站、空间加工业或空间防御的高辩阔论在进入轨道所需的成本降低之前只是异想天开” （格里格·衣斯特布鲁克）。〔defensive〕Intended or appropriate for defending; protective.保护的，防御的：为保卫而设计的或适于保卫的；保护的〔bulwark〕 rampart, the main defensive structure around a guarded place, is permanent, high, and broad. A Rampart 指被保护区域周围的主要防御结构，永久、高大且宽阔。〔premunition〕from praemūnītus [past participle of] praemūnīre [to fortify in advance] 源自 praemūnītus praemūnīre的过去分词 [预先防御] 〔ward〕A defensive movement or attitude, especially in fencing; a guard.招架：防御性的行动或态度，尤指击剑中的防御；挡开〔Rexroth〕American writer and translator known especially for his poetry, collected in volumes such asThe Phoenix and the Tortoise (1944) and In Defense of Earth (1956). 雷克斯罗斯，肯尼思：(1905-1982) 美国作家及翻译家，尤以其诗作著称，集于合订本如《凤凰与乌龟》 （1944年）及 《地球防御》 （1956年） 〔foil〕A fencing sword having a usually circular guard and a thin, flexible four-sided blade with a button on the tip to prevent injury.钝头剑，无锋剑：带有一环状保护装置和在顶端带有圆头以防止剑伤的四边剑锋的防御剑〔fortify〕To strengthen and secure (a position) with fortifications.设防御工事，设防：以防御公事加强或防护（战略位置）〔prime〕The first position of thrust and parry in fencing.第一姿势：击剑中出击和防御中的第一个姿势〔corral〕An enclosure formed by a circle of wagons for defense against attack during an encampment.车阵：用运货车围成的围栏，用作营地的防御地区〔rampart〕A means of protection or defense; a bulwark.See Synonyms at bulwark 保护：保护或防御的方法；保障 参见 bulwark〔strong〕a strong flank; a strong defense.很有力的侧翼；强大的防御〔antiaircraft〕Designed for defense, especially from a surface position, against aircraft or missile attack.防空的：设计用来防御的，尤指在地面位置防御飞机或导弹袭击的〔alexin〕Greek alexein [to ward off] 希腊语 alexein [抵抗，防御] 〔foil〕Often foils The art or sport of fencing with such a sword: 常作 foils 花剑剑术：用圆头剑防御的技巧或运动：〔fortification〕Something that serves to fortify, especially military works erected to fortify a position or place.防御工事：用于筑城的东西，尤指采取军事行动防御一个位置或地方〔ammunition〕from Latin mūnītiō mūnītiōn- [fortification] * see munition 源自 拉丁语 mūnītiō mūnītiōn- [防御] * 参见 munition〔sector〕A division of a defensive position for which one military unit is responsible.防御区：防御点内由一个军事单位负责的部分〔disarm〕To deprive of the means of attack or defense; render harmless.使无防备，使无害：解除进攻或防御的工具；未造成伤害而投降：〔navy〕Often Navy A nation's entire military organization for sea warfare and defense, including vessels, personnel, and shore establishments. 常作 Navy 海军：一个国家对海上军事和防御的全部军事组织，包括船只，人员和海军机构〔Tucson〕A city of southeast Arizona south-southeast of Phoenix. A Spanish mission was founded nearby in 1700, and the present city was first settled in 1775 as a walled presidio. It became part of the United States after the Gadsen Purchase (1853) and served as territorial capital from 1867 until 1877. Population, 405,390.图森：美国亚利桑那州东南一城市，位于凤凰城东南偏南。1700年一西班牙传道区曾建于该城附近，现在的城市作为一防御要塞建于1775年，加得森购买(1853年）后成为美国的一部分，从1867年至1877年为地方首府。人口405,390〔donjon〕The fortified main tower of a castle; a keep.城堡防御主塔；看护者〔work〕A fortified structure, such as a trench or fortress.防御工事：防御结构，如壕沟或堡垒〔defense〕A means or method of defending or protecting.护卫措施：防御或保护的手段或方法〔defensive〕An attitude or position of defense.防御的态度或守势〔mutual〕Mutual is uncontroversially used to describe a reciprocal relationship between two or more things, in which use it can be paraphrased by expressions involvingbetween or each other. Thustheir mutual animosity means "their animosity for each other" or "the animosity between them,” anda mutual defense treaty is one in which each party agrees to come to the defense of the other. Butmutual is also widely used where one might expect "common,” as inThe bill serves the mutual interests of management and labor and particularly in the expressionour mutual friend, which was widespread even before Charles Dickens used it as the title of a novel.Critics have often objected to this use,but it is well established in reputable writing.However,mutual in this latter sense is reserved to describe relations that hold between two or more specific parties and a third person or thing. It cannot be used as a substitute forcommon in the sense "general": Mutual 毫无争议地被用来描述两者或者更多事物之间的相互关系， 可以用一些包括between 或 each other 的表达来解释。 因此他们相互的敌意 意思为“他们彼此之间产生的敌意”或者“他们之间的敌意”， 相互防御条约 意为一个政党同意帮助另一政党进行防御的条约。 但是Mutual 也广泛地用来表示“共同的”， 就象在这个议案满足劳资双方的需要。 特别是在短语我们共同的朋友， 甚至在查理·狄更斯把它作为一本小说名之前就已经广泛应用。评论家们一直以来常常反对这种用法，但是在规范的写作中它已被完全确定下来了。但是mutual 后来产生的意思被用来描述两个或者更多特定元素及物和第三者之间的关系。 当意为“普遍的”时，它不能代替common 来表述“总体”的含义： 〔muniment〕from Latin [defense, protection] 源自 拉丁语 [防御，保护] 〔abatis〕A defensive obstacle made by laying felled trees on top of each other with branches, sometimes sharpened, facing the enemy.鹿砦，鹿角栅，铁丝网：用伐倒的树木排成的防御障碍，带枝杈的树端相互迭放面向敌人，有时也将枝杈削尖〔bulwark〕 Breastwork denotes a low defensive wall,especially a temporary one hurriedly built. Breastwork 指低矮的防御墙，尤指匆忙建造的临时性防御墙。〔spotter〕A military or civil defense lookout.军事或民事防御演习〔set〕set the child to cleaning the closets; set guards around the perimeter.分派孩子们擦柜子；派守卫于防御带周围〔Vauban〕French military engineer who revolutionized fortification and siege strategies during the reign of Louis XIV.沃邦，塞瓦斯蒂安·勒·普利斯特·德：(1633-1707) 法国军事工程师，他在路易十四世统治期间变革了防御和围攻战略〔palisade〕A fence of pales forming a defense barrier or fortification.栅栏：形成防御障碍或防御工事的栅栏围墙 |
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