| 单词 | 偶尔 |
| 释义 | 〔joypop〕To use narcotic drugs, especially heroin, occasionally without becoming addicted.轻微吸毒：偶尔且不上瘾地使用致幻性毒品（尤指海洛因）〔bulimarexia〕An eating disorder in which one alternates between abnormal craving for and aversion to food. It is characterized by episodes of excessive food intake followed by periods of fasting and self-induced vomiting or diarrhea. Also called binge-purge syndrome ,binge-vomit syndrome ,bulimia nervosa 饮食失常：一种饮食无序，在这种情况下，一个人常常处于不正常的贪食和厌食的交替状态，特点是偶尔的暴饮暴食继而又很快的引起呕吐或腹泻 也作 binge-purge syndrome,binge-vomit syndrome,bulimia nervosa〔sprawl〕Haphazard growth or extension outward, especially that resulting from real estate development on the outskirts of a city:无计划发展：偶尔增长或向四周扩展，特别是由城市郊区房地产的发展而形成：〔come〕"In the . . . saloon . . . the sawdust on the floor gets changed biweekly come fog, downpour or the occasional shard of sunlight"(Paul A. Witteman)“在大厅里，…地板上的锯木屑两周一次地变成尘雾、倾盆大雨或日光下偶尔出现的碎片”(保罗A.维特曼)〔ever〕Now and then; occasionally.不时地，时常地；偶尔地〔sometime〕Sometime as an adjective has been employed to mean "former" since the 15th century.It has come to be used in the 20th century with the meaning "occasional": Sometime 作为形容词， 自从15世纪开始就用来表示“以前的”之意。20世纪它逐渐被用于表示“偶尔的”之意： 〔pollster〕An understanding of the history of the-ster in pollster may perhaps raise more questions than it answers. In the first place apollster does not have to be a woman, despite the fact that the suffix-ster, originally-estre in Old English, was used to form feminine agent nouns.Hoppestere, for example, meant "female dancer.” But in Old English-estre was occasionally applied to men, although perhaps largely or completely in the case of translations of Latin masculine nouns denoting occupations that were held by women in Anglo-Saxon society.An example isbæcester, "baker,” glossing Latinpistor; it survives as the Modern English nameBaxter. In Middle Englishthe suffix was still largely feminine in the south of Englandbut masculine and feminine in the north,a tendency that became general in English starting with the 16th century.As an example of this tendencyseamster was remade into the feminineseamstress. In Modern English the suffix is usually derogatory.This use probably arose from the occurrence of the suffix with ambiguous verbs,such asgame, "to play at sports, to play at sex,” or with pejorative verbs,such asrime or rhyme. In some modern formations on neutral words-ster is not derogatory, as inyoungster (1589), but in most cases,as withpollster (1939), -ster has pejorative force. 对于pollster 中的 -ster 的历史的理解也许会引发比它能回答的问题更多的问题。 首先pollster 不一定非得是妇女， 尽管-ster 这一后缀， 源于古英语中的-estre ， 被用来构成阴性名词。比如hoppestere 一词意为“女舞蹈者。” 但在古英语中-estre 也偶尔可以用在男性身上， 虽然也许这种情况大多或者完全出现在表示盎格鲁-撒克逊社会中由妇女从事的职业的一些阳性拉丁文名词的翻译中。其中一个例子是boecester 意为“面包师”， 来自拉丁语的pistor； 这个词在现代英语名字Baxter 中保存了下来。 在中世纪英语中，该后缀在英格兰南部仍然主要地被用作阴性，但在英格兰北部却被同时用作阳性和阴性，而后一种趋势自16世纪以来逐渐在英语中变得普遍。反映这种趋势的一个例子是seamster ， 该词被改造成了阴性的seamstress。 在现代英语中这一后缀通常是含贬义的。这种用法可能是因为此后缀与一些有歧义的动词合用而产生的，比如game 可表示“进行体育活动，进行性游戏，” 或者是因为与轻蔑动词合用而产生的，比如rime 或 rhyme。 在某些现代英语中性名词中，-ster 不是贬损的， 如在youngster (1589年）中， 但在大多数情况下，如pollster (1939年）这个词中 -ster 仍是有贬义的 〔kami〕Any of the sacred beings worshiped in Shintoism, conceived as spirits abiding in natural phenomena and sometimes in people with extraordinary qualities.神道，神：任何在神道中所为人崇拜的神圣本质，被认为是一种永恒存在于自然现象中及偶尔存在于拥有不凡特质的人们身上的精神〔occasion〕From time to time; now and then.偶尔：间断地；不时地〔mozo〕In the world of pack trains and cattle roundups,amozo provides a useful pair of extra hands. Back home on the ranch,the mozo helps with odd jobs,especially heavy work around the house.In the southwest United Statesmozo has taken on a general sense of "assistant,” even in areas not related to ranching: "An enterprising deputy of the opposition Partido de Acción Nacional (PAN) called a quorum count, only to find that . . . many of the reclining figures occasionally raising their hands were mozos (attendants)” (Latin America).In fact, to call an assistant amozo is essentially to call him a "boy,” formozo is Spanish for "young man.” Even though a mozo may not be a boy in years,the word is not used disparagingly.In other languagesporters or guides are commonly referred to as "boys"—for example,gillie, from Scottish Gaelic gille, means "boy.” 在行李车上或养牛场里，一个mozo 很能帮上一把。 回到农场的家中，男佣帮着做各种杂活，尤其是重体力家务活。在美国西南地区mozo 一般是“服务员”的意思， 甚至在与农场无关的地方也是如此： “一个有胆量的PAN的代表要求法庭达到法定人数，但只发现…许多偶尔举手的、可依靠的人都是随从” （拉丁美洲）。实际上，把一个帮手称为mozo 是称他为“男孩”， 因为mozo 是西班牙语的“年轻人”。 尽管男孩在年龄上并不是个男孩了，但该词不按原意来使用。在别的语言中，看门小厮或保安通常也被称作“男孩”，例如：gillie 源自苏格兰方言 gille 意思是“男孩” 〔spot〕Now and then; here and there; occasionally.有时；到处；偶尔〔circus〕The modern circus owes its name but fortunatelynot its regular program of events to the amusement of ancient times.The Latin wordcircus, which comes from the Greek word kirkos, "circle, ring,” referred to a circular or oval area enclosed by rows of seats for spectators.In the center ring, so to speak, was held a variety of events,including chariot races and gladiatorial combats, spectacles in which bloodshed and brutality were not uncommon.The first use ofcircus recorded in English, in a work by Chaucer written around 1380,probably refers to the Circus Maximus in Rome.Our modern circus, which dates to the end of the 18th century,was originally an equestrian spectacle as well,but the trick riders were soon joined in the ring by such performers as ropedancers, acrobats, and jugglers.Even though the circular shape of the arena and the equestrian nature of some of the performances are carried over from its Roman namesake,the modern circus, despite occasional accidental violence,has little connection with its brutal namesake of long ago.现代马戏团应把它的名称归因于古时候的娱乐，值得庆幸地不是归因于它的固定节目。拉丁文的circus 源于希腊文 kirkos “圆，环”， 指被容纳观众的座位围起的圆形或椭圆形场地。在称之为中央环地的场地中举行多种表演，包括战车赛跑和角斗，屠杀和残暴的景象并不少见。英语中记录的circus 的最早使用， 是在乔叟写于大约1380年的一本著作里，可能意指罗马的大竞技场。现代马戏团可追溯到18世纪末，最初也是马术表演，但走钢丝演员、高空杂技演员和杂耍演员很快在圆形场地中加入特技骑手的行列。尽管马戏场地的圆形形状和一些表演的马术实质是由罗马的同名物得到的，现代马戏团，尽管偶尔出现意外的暴力，与它久远以前残暴的同名物几乎没有关联〔dive〕Eitherdove or dived is acceptable as the past tense of dive. Dived is actually the earlier form,and the emergence ofdove may appear anomalous in light of the general tendencies of change in English verb forms. Old English had two classes of verbs:strong verbs, whose past tense was indicated by a change in their vowel (a process that survives in such present-day English verbsasdrive/drove or fling/flung ); and weak verbs,whose past was formed with a suffix related to-ed in Modern English (as in present-day Englishlive/lived and move/moved ). Since the Old English period,many verbs have changed from the strong pattern to the weak one;for example, the past tense ofhelp, formerly healp, became helped, and the past tense ofstep, formerly stop, became stepped. Over the years, in fact, the weak pattern has become so prevalentthat we use the termregular to refer to verbs that form their past tense by suffixation of -ed. However, there have occasionally been changes in the other direction:the past tense ofwear, now wore, was once werede ; that ofspit, now spat, was once spitede ; and the development ofdove is an additional example of the small group of verbs that have swum against the historical tide. dove 或 dived 都可用作 dive的过去式形式。 Dived 实际上是早期词形，根据英语动词词形变化的趋势，dove 的出现似乎是不规则的。 古英语有两类动词：强式动词，其过去时形式由元音变化来体现（这一过程还存在于现代英语里，诸如drive/drove 或 fling/flung 等动词中）； 另一类为弱式动词，其过去时态形式由与现代英语-ed 后缀有关 （如现代英语中的live/lived 和 move/moved )。 自古英语时期以来，许多动词由强式变为弱式；例如help 的过去式形式以前为 healp ，已变为 helped ， step 的过去式由以前的 stop 变为 stepped 。 事实上，多年来弱式动词变得非常普遍，我们用术语规则动词 来指那些由加后缀 -ed 来构成过去式形式的动词， 然而偶尔也会向另一方向发生变化：wear 的过去形式现为 wore ，曾为 weared ； spit 的过去式现为 spat ，曾为 spitede ； dove 的发展是反历史潮流而动的一小组动词中的另外一小组动词的例子 〔internecine〕In the first edition of theAmerican Heritage Dictionary 91 percent of the Usage Panel approved the use ofinternecine relating to internal struggle within a nation or organization that did not necessarily imply fatal or destructive conflict.The objection that had been overcome for most of the Panel was thatinternecine should imply such destruction because it came from the Latin wordinternecīnus, a variant ofinternecīvus, "fought to the death, murderous,” ultimately derived fromnecāre, "to kill.” Inter- in this compound is simply an intensive, supplying the notion of "all the way to" in the sense "fought to the death.”Internecine in English, first recorded in 1663, indeed meant "deadly, destructive,”but Samuel Johnson, inserting the word in his dictionary of 1755,thought thatinter- meant "mutual" and so defined it as "endeavoring mutual destruction.”This definition set the word incorrectly on its present course,and wheninternecine was further extended simply to mean "relating to internal struggle,” the original error was compounded.However, the point is that the meaning of words can be changed by mistakes and that mistaken meanings adhere to words.Only an occasional etymologist points out that the emperor's new clothes are patched.在美国经典辞书 第一版中， 百分之九十一的用法专题使用小组成员赞同internecine 与一个国家或组织内部的斗争有关， 但并不一定是致命的或有破坏性的冲突。为大多数小组成员说服的反对意见为internecine 应该暗指这种破坏， 因为它来源于拉丁词internecinus ， 是internecivus 的变体，意为“战至死亡的，谋杀的”， 它最终来源于意为“杀害”的necare 。 在这个复合词中inter- 只是简单的一个强调成分， 在“战至死亡的”这个意义上加上“一直”这个概念。在英语中internecine 最早记载于1663年， 确实意味着“致死的，破坏性的”，但是塞缪尔·约翰逊在其1755年的字典中插入此词，认为inter- 意为“共同的”， 并且将它定义为“竭力造成共同破坏的”。这个定义造成此词今日用法的不准确，而且当internecine 更进一步被简单地引申为“关于内部斗争的”时， 其起源的错误就加重了。但是，重要的是词的意思被错误改变并且为错误意思所追随。只有偶尔的一个词源学家指出“皇帝的新衣服打满补丁”〔perspective〕"It is useful occasionally to look at the past to gain a perspective on the present"(Fabian Linden)“偶尔回顾过去有助于展望未来”(法比安·林登)〔lifestyle〕As such, the word has won the occasionally grudging acceptance of the Usage Panel.Fifty-three percent of the Panelists accepts the word in the sentenceBohemian attitudes toward conventional society have been outstripped and outdated by the lifestyles of millions of young people, and fully 70 percent accepts the word in the sentenceSalaries in the Bay Area may be higher, but it may cost employees as much as 30 percent more to maintain their lifestyles, where the economic context makes more apparent the need for a word that denotes categories based on consumption practices.基于这些，这个词获得了用法委员会偶尔略显勉强的承认。53%的专家小组成员接受这个词在句子千百万年轻人的生活方式超越了对于传统社会的放荡不羁的态度，并使之过时 中的用法， 70%的专家小组成员接受其在句子旧金山湾地区的薪水可能高一些，但员工们需要多于30%的薪水来维持其生活 中的使用。 在这里，简练的语境明显地需要一个基于消费习惯的表示分类的词〔decrease〕An occasional outburst didn't diminish my respect for her.偶尔的一次发火并未减少我对她的尊敬。〔blaff〕A West Indian stew consisting of fish or occasionally pork, seasonings such as lime and garlic, and often fruits and vegetables.烩鱼汤：一种西印度的炖制食品，含有鱼或偶尔有猪肉、调味品，如酸橙和大蒜，并常有水果和蔬菜〔histoplasmosis〕A disease caused by the inhalation of spores of the fungusHistoplasma capsulatum, most often asymptomatic but occasionally producing acute pneumonia or an influenzalike illness and spreading to other organs and systems in the body. 组织浆菌病：一种由于感染荚膜组织浆菌 的真菌孢子而导致的疾病，通常无症状，但偶尔产生急性肺炎或流行感冒状的症候，并且传播到身体的其它器官和系统 〔inconsistent〕Occasional hostility is inconsistent with true friendship.偶尔的敌意与真正的友谊不相协调。〔Japhetic〕Of or relating to a discredited linguistic grouping that attempted to associate Basque, Etruscan, and sometimes Sumerian and Elamite with the Caucasian languages.雅弗语系的：一种不确定语系的或与之有关的，该语系试图融合巴斯克语、伊特鲁里亚语（偶尔有高加索诸语言中的苏美尔语和埃兰语）〔listeriosis〕A bacterial disease caused byListeria monocytogenes, affecting wild and domestic animals and occasionally human beings and characterized by fever, meningitis, and encephalitis. 李斯特氏菌病：一种由单核球增多性李司特氏菌 引起的含细菌疾病，会影响野生或家养动物，偶尔影响人类。其特征是发烧，脑膜炎和脑炎 〔every〕From time to time; occasionally.不时地，时常地；偶尔地〔too〕In these casesnot too adds a note of ironic understatement. · Negation oftoo by can't may sometimes lead to ambiguities, as inYou can't check your child's temperature too often, which may mean either that the temperature should be checked only occasionally or that it should be checked as frequently as possible. ·Too meaning "in addition" or "also" is sometimes used to introduce a sentence: 在这些情况下，not too 给句子加上了一个带讽刺意味的语气。 too 与 can't 一起用作否定时，有时会产生歧义， 例如在You can't check your child's temperature too often 这句话中， 可能意为“你只能偶尔给你孩子量量体温”或“你应该经常给你孩子量体温”。too 意为“另外”或“也，又”时， 有时可以用来引导一个句子： 〔jackal〕Any of several doglike mammals of the genusCanis of Africa and southern Asia that are mainly foragers feeding on plants, small animals, and occasionally carrion. 亚洲胡狼，豺狼：生长在非洲和南亚的一种犬属 的似狗的哺乳动物，主要掠食植物、小动物，偶尔吃动物的腐肉 〔turn〕"His muse occasionally takes a humorous and satirical turn"(Albert C. Baugh)“他的诗句偶尔会变得幽默而有讽剌意味”(艾伯特C.鲍)〔every〕At intervals; occasionally.时常，不时；偶尔地〔symptom〕from Greek sumptōma sumptōmat- [a happening, symptom of a disease] 源自 希腊语 sumptōma sumptōmat- [偶尔事件，疾病的症状] 〔forgetful〕As I grow older I become increasingly forgetful. Less often the word is used as the equivalent ofunmindful, which applies principally to failure to keep in mind what should be remembered, as through deliberate oversight, heedlessness, or inattentiveness: 随着年龄的增长，我变得越来越健忘了。 偶尔这些词可用来代替unmindful， 该词主要用于指有意的疏忽、心不在焉或漫不经心等，而将应该记住的事忘了： 〔every〕From time to time; occasionally.不时地；偶尔地〔flock〕 Drove is used of a herd or flock of cattle, sheep, geese, or the like, that are being moved or driven from one place to another;less often it refers to a crowd of people in movement. Drove 用于指一堆或一群牛、羊、鹅或其它类似的被赶着从一处到另一处的动物；偶尔也指一群行进中的人。〔literally〕The practice does not stem from a change in the meaning ofliterally itself—if it did, the word would long since have come to mean "virtually" or "figuratively"—but from a natural tendency to use the word as a general intensive meaning "without exaggeration,”as inThey had literally no help from the government on the project, where no contrast with the figurative sense of the words is intended.This looser use of the wordliterally does not usually create problems, but it can lead to an inadvertently comic effect when the word is used together with an idiomatic expression that has its source in a frozen figure of speech,such as inI literally died laughing. 这一用法并不根源于literally 本身意义的演变——如果是这样的话， 这个词早就会有“几乎”或“比喻地”的意思——而是来源于把这个词用作一个一般的加强词表示“毫不夸张”这样一个自然趋势，正如在事实上他们没有获得政府对这一计划的帮助 中， 并没有与句子的喻意形成任何对比。literally 的这一不精确的用法通常并不会产生什么问题， 但当它与一个源于固定修饰的俗语连用时，会偶尔产生喜剧性效果，如我真的笑死了 〔semivegetarian〕Consisting mainly of vegetables and foods made from cereal grains, with occasional inclusion of fish, chicken, or red meat:半素的：主要包括蔬菜和谷类制品的，偶尔包含鱼肉、鸡肉或牛肉： |
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