| 单词 | 克利福德 |
| 释义 | 〔Clifford〕American jurist who served as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1858-1881).克利福德，内森：(1803-1881) 美国法学家，曾任美国最高法院陪审法官（1858-1881年）〔Beers〕American mental-health pioneer who as a patient discovered abysmal conditions in asylums. On his release he wrote an autobiography,A Mind That Found Itself (1908), and thereafter worked for international mental-health reforms. 比尔斯，克利福德·惠延厄姆：(1876-1943) 美国心理卫生学的先驱。作为一个病人，他发现了精神病院极端恶劣的条件。刚一出院他就写了一本自传《发现本体的心智》 （1908年），从此以后致力于国际精神卫生的改革工作 〔Odets〕American playwright known for his powerful works of the Depression era, includingWaiting for Lefty (1935) and Golden Boy (1937). 奥德茨，克利福德：(1906-1963) 美国剧作家，以其描写大萧条时期的作品而闻名，包括《等待老左》 （1935年）和 《金色的男孩》 （1937年） 〔Lathrop〕American social reformer dedicated to the betterment of institutionalized care for the mentally ill and children.拉斯罗普，尤莉娅·克利福德：(1858-1932) 美国社会改革家，致力于改善对收容的精神病患者和儿童的看护〔cabal〕The history ofcabal reveals how a word can be transferred from one sphere of activity to another while retaining only a tenuous connection with its past. Ultimately from Hebrewbut transmitted to English probably by way of Medieval Latin and French,cabal is first recorded in English in 1616 in the sense "cabala.” Cabala was the name for the Hebrew oral tradition transmitted by Moses and also the name for a Jewish religious philosophy based on an esoteric interpretation of the Hebrew Scriptures.The notion "esoteric" is central to the development of this word in English,forcabal, probably following the sense development in French, came to mean "a tradition, special interpretation, or secret,” "a private intrigue" (first recorded in 1646-1647),and "a small body of intriguers" (first recorded in 1660).It is probably not coincidental thatcabal is found with these latter meanings during the mid-17th century, that time of plots and counterplots by Royalists and Parliamentarians.The word gained a false etymology when it was noticed that the five most influential ministers of Charles II were named Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauderdale.单词cable 的历史表现出一个单词在与其过去的含义仅保持微弱联系的情况下，如何能够从一个使用范围转向另一个范围。 最起始是源于希伯来语，但可能是通过中世纪的拉丁语和法语转化为英语，cabal 以“秘教”的含义在英语中最早载于1616年。 Cabala 是对摩西所传的希伯来口头传说的称谓， 也是对基于希伯来圣经神秘解说的犹太宗教哲学的称谓。“深奥的”这个概念对于这个英文单词的发展是很重要的，因为cabal 可能是沿用法语里发展起来的含义， 意为“传统，特殊的理解或秘密的，“个人阴谋”（最早记载于1646至1647年），以及“较小的阴谋者的联合体”（最早记载于1660年）。它可能与cabal 的17世纪中叶的后来含义并不一致， 在这一时期内充斥着保皇党人和议员们的阴谋和对策。由于注意到查理二世时期五位最有影响的大臣姓名分别为克利福德，阿灵顿，白金汉，阿什利和劳德戴尔（其姓名首字母合起来为CABAL），该词由此得来一错误的语源说明 |
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