| 单词 | 印欧语 |
| 释义 | 〔ablative〕Of, relating to, or being a grammatical case indicating separation, direction away from, sometimes manner or agency, and the object of certain verbs. It is found in Latin and other Indo-European languages.离格的，夺格的：语法上表示分离、离开，有时亦表示方式或作用及某些动词的宾语的或与之有关的。可以在拉丁文和其他印欧语中发现此种用法〔winter〕Winter, spring, summer, fall.It is not too difficult to see how the season namesspring and fall came into being, but without some background information it is impossible to tell what the origins of the wordswinter and summer are. Summer goes back to the Indo-European root .sem-, meaning "summer.” From a suffixed form of this root came the prehistoric Common Germanic word.sumaraz, the ancestor of Old Englishsumor and its descendant, Modern English summer. This is the only Indo-European root referring to a season that has survived in an English name for a season.Of the other three,.wesr-, "spring,” has produced words such as vernal; ghyem-, "winter,” has given us words such as hibernate; andesen-, "harvest, fall,” has yielded earn ( from the prehistoric Common Germanic word.aznōn, "to do harvest work, serve"). Winter does, however, go back to the Indo-European root wed-, "water, wet.” From the formwe-n-d- of this root with the nasal infix -n- was derived the Germanic word .wintruz, with the underlying meaning "wet season" and the literal meaning "winter.”The Germanic word is the source of Old Englishwinter, the ancestor of Modern English winter. 冬，春，夏，秋。说出季节名spring 和 fall 的来历不是很难， 但如果没有一些背景知识，不可能知道winter 和 summer 的词源。 Summer 可追溯到印欧语中的词根 sem- ，意思是“夏天”。 给这个词根加后缀后又转化为史前的普通日尔曼词sumaraz， 这是古英语中sumor 的前身，由此又发展来现代英语中的 summer。 这是印欧语中表季节的词根在英语中作为季节名保留下来的唯一一个。另外三个wesr- “春”产生了象 vernal这类的词； ghyem-“冬”又给了我们单词 hibernate； esen- “收获，秋天”衍生出 earn ( 从史前的普通日尔曼词aznon “做收获的工作，服务”而来）。 然而winter 得追溯到印欧词根 wed- “水，湿的”。 由这个词根的we-n-d 形式和鼻音中缀 -n- 衍生出日尔曼语词 wintruz， 其隐含的意思是“湿润的季节”和字面意义“冬天”。这个日尔曼词是古英语中winter 的前身，也是现代英语 winter 的前身 〔war〕A piece of liverwurst may perhaps help us gain some insight into the nature of war,at least into the semantic history of the wordwar. War and the -wurst part of liverwurst can be traced back to the same Indo-European root, wers-, "to confuse, mix up.” In the Germanic family of the Indo-European languages,this root gave rise to several words having to do with confusion or mixture of various kinds.In the case of the ancestry ofwar, the hypothetical Germanic stem .werza-, "confusion,” became .werra-, which passed into Old French, a language descended from spoken Latin but supplemented by more than 200 words borrowed from the Frankish invaders of the 5th century.From the Germanic stem came both the formwerre in Old North French, the form borrowed into English in the 12th century, and guerre (the source of guerilla ) in the rest of the Old French-speaking area. Both forms meant "war,” a very confused condition indeed.Meanwhile another Indo-European form derived from the same Indo-European root had developed into Old High Germanwurst, meaning "sausage,” from an underlying sense of "mixture,” which is, of course, related to the sense of the root "to confuse, mix up.”Modern Germanwurst was borrowed into English in the 19th century, first by itself (recorded in 1855) and then as part of the wordliverwurst (1869), the liver being a translation of Germanleber in leberwurst. 一块肝肠也许会帮助我们对战争的性质增加些认识，至少可了解war这一词的语义史。 War和 liverwurst 的一部分 -wurst 可以追溯到同一印欧语系词根 wers- “使迷惑，混杂”。 在印欧语系中的日耳曼语系中，该词根造出了好几个与迷惑或各种东西的混合物有关的词语。在war 的词源一例中，假定的日耳曼语词干 werza- “迷惑”变成了 werra- ， 又传入了来自拉丁语口语的古法语中，但是又附加了由5世纪法兰克侵略者带来的200多个单词。从日耳曼语词干中，既产生了古老的北部法语中的werre (12世纪该词传入英语），又产生了其它讲古法语地区的人用的 guerre ( guerilla 的词源）。 两个形式都表示“战争”，一个的确很糟糕的局面。同时，另一个从相同的印欧语系词根派生来的印欧语形式发展成了旧高地德语wurst “香肠”， 这是从其潜含义“混合物”而来的，“混合物”显然与“使困惑，混杂”的词根的含义有关。现代德语中的wurst 于19世纪传入英语中， 首先是它的独立形式（记载于1855年），然后是liverwurst 的一部分(1869年）， “肝”这层含义是由德语leberwurst 中的 leber 翻译而来 〔hall〕Thehalls of academe and city hall remind us that what we commonly mean by the wordhall, "a passageway, an entrance room,” represents a shrunken version of whathall once commonly designated. Going back to the Indo-European rootkel- 1, "to cover,” the Old English wordheall, ancestor of our hall, referred to "a large place covered by a roof, whether a royal residence, an official building, or a large private residence, or a large room in a residencewhere the public life of the household is carried on.”These senses and related ones are still in use,as is attested bytown hall and halls of academe. Our common use of the termhall for a vestibule or a corridor harks back to medieval times when the hall was the main public room of a residenceand people lived much less privately than now.As private rooms in houses took on the importance they have today,the hall lost its function.Hall also had come to mean any large room, and the vestibule was at one time one of the main sitting rooms in a house,but this sort of room has largely disappeared also,andhall has become the designation for the small vestibule of today as well as for an entrance passage or any passageway.halls of academe 以及 city hall 提醒我们注意： 我们通常把hall 这个词定义为“走廊，门厅”， 反映出hall 这词当初设定时的通常含义的种种痕迹。 追溯到该词的印欧语词根kel- 1， 意思是“去覆盖”， 我们hall 这个词的来源是古英语中 heall 这个词， 它指的是“一个有屋顶覆盖的大地方或者属于皇室住宅、政府建筑或是一座大的私人府第或者是一所住宅中的大房子，主人在其中进行社交活动”。这些概念或与之相关的意思直到今天还有，比如说town hall 和 halls of academe 。 我们现在一般所用的，把hall 当作门厅或走廊的用法可以追溯到中世纪， 那时大厅是居住者的最主要的起居室，人们生活还没有今天这么隐私化，于今日个人房间在生活中占主要地位，大厅失去了它当年的功用。Hall 还曾意味着大房间， 而门厅在过去一段时间内曾是房屋中主要的一处起居室，但这样的房子大部分也都消失了，而hall 的意思已经变成指那些当今小的走廊， 或者是进出口处的走廊，或者是随便哪个走廊〔Illyria〕An ancient region of the Balkan Peninsula on the Adriatic coast. Occupied in prehistoric times by an Indo-European-speaking people, the area became the Roman province of Illyricum after the final conquest of the Illyrians in 35-33b.c. The name was revived by Napoleon for the provinces of Illyria (1809-1815) and retained for the kingdom of Illyria, a division of Austria from 1816 to 1849. 伊利里亚：古代沿巴尔干半岛亚德里亚海岸一地区。在史前时期由一个说印欧语的民族占据。公元前 35-33年，罗马人最终征服了伊利里亚人，将该地称为伊利里肯省。拿破仑时期重新恢复了伊利里亚这个名称(1809-1815年），称它为伊利里亚省份。1816至1849年在作为奥地利一部份的伊利里亚王国中，这个名字得到了保留 〔yes〕The wordyes is a good example of how an ordinary and frequently used word can have a complex etymology. We can traceyes back to two Indo-European roots, .i-, a pronominal stem, and .es-, "to be.” From two extended forms of.i-, .yām and .yāi, came the prehistoric Common Germanic forms.jā and jai, which gave us Old Englishgeā, an affirmative particle, the source of Modern Englishyea. The Indo-European root.es- is the source of our forms am and is. From the stem.sī- used to make verb forms in the optative mood, a mood used to express a wish, came the Germanic form.sijai-, which gave us Old Englishsīe, "may it be so.” This form, unlike the sources ofam and is, died out, but before disappearing it had combined with Old Englishgēa to form the compound gēse, the ancestor of our wordyes. Thissīe was destined to have even more of a triumph. Until around 1600yea was used to respond to positive expressions, whereasyes was used to respond to negative expressions. After that timeyes became a response to both positive and negative expressions, yea surviving primarily in voice votes. yes 一词是说明一个普通常用词如何拥有一复杂词源的极好例证。 我们可以追溯yes 到两个印欧语词根， 代名词词干i- 和 es- “是”。 从i-的两种扩展形式，yam 和 yai， 形成了史前普通日耳曼语形式ja 和 jai, 它们又带来了古英语中的肯定虚词gea ， 这便是现代英语yea 的来源。 而印欧语词根es- 是我们 am 和 is 两形式的源头。 以is- ，一个用于制造祈愿语气动词的词干， 产生出日尔曼形式sijai-， 并由此形成了古英语sie, “希望如此”。 这种形式不象am 和 is 的词源，已经灭绝了， 但在消失之前，它已经和古英语gea 混合形成复合词 gese， 即我们的单词yes 的前身。 这个sie 注定要获取更大的胜利。 直至1600年左右，yea 还被用于回答肯定的陈述； 而yes 则用于回答否定陈述。 此后，yes 既可作肯定也可否定表达的回答， yea 则主要在口头投票时使用 〔cognate〕Related in origin, as certain words in genetically related languages descended from the same ancestral root; for example, Englishname and Latin nōmen from Indo-European nÒ-men- . 同词源的：来源相关的，如在有关的语言中，一些词来自相同的词根；例如，英语name 与拉丁文 nomen 源自印欧语 no-men- 〔kurgan〕A member of the people or peoples sharing this culture. The earliest Kurgans are considered by some to be speakers of Proto-Indo-European.库尔干人：拥有这种文明的民族的成员。人们认为最早的库尔干人使用古印欧语〔be〕See am 1 , is , etc. for links to other Indo-European roots 参见 am1 , is等，因为同其它印欧语根的联系 〔etymon〕An earlier form of a word in the same language or in an ancestor language. For example, Indo-European.duwo and Old English twā are etymons of Modern English two. 词的原形：在同一语言中和在祖系语言中一个词的原始形式。例如，印欧语中的duwo 和古英语中的 twa 都是现代英语中 two 的原形词 〔mentor〕The wordmentor is an example of the way in which the great works of literature live on without our knowing it. The word has recently gained currency in the professional world,where it is thought to be a good idea to have a mentor, a wise and trusted counselor, guiding one's career, preferably in the upper reaches of the organization.We owe this word to the more heroic age of Homer,in whoseOdyssey Mentor is the trusted friend of Odysseus left in charge of the household during Odysseus's absence. More important for our usage of the wordmentor, Athena disguised as Mentor guides Odysseus's son Telemachus in his search for his father.Fénelon in his romanceTélémaque (1699) emphasized Mentor as a character, and so it was that in French (1749) and English (1750)mentor, going back through Latin to a Greek name, became a common noun meaning "wise counselor,” first recorded in 1750.Mentor is an appropriate name for such a person because it probably meant "adviser" in Greekand comes from the Indo-European rootmen- 1, meaning "to think.”词语mentor 使我们看到了伟大的文学作品是如何在我们毫无察觉的情况下而经久而不衰的。 这个词最近开始在职业界通用起来，在职业界中，能有一个“良师”， 一个忠实而又聪明的顾问来指导你的职业生涯，尤其是你的提升，真不失为一个好办法。这个词来源于荷马英雄时代，在荷马史诗Odyssey 中，孟托是奥德赛的忠实朋友，奥德赛出征时将其留下以掌管家事。 对于我们今天mentor 这个词的用法更为重要的一个事实是， 雅典娜将自己装扮成孟托而引导奥德赛之子忒勒马科斯去寻找他的父亲。费奈隆在他的传奇故事泰雷马克历险记 （1699年）中强调了孟托这一人物， 正因为如此，这一从一个希腊人名经拉丁文演化而来的词mentor 在法语(1749年）和英语(1750年）中成了一个意为“贤明的顾问”的普通名词， 并在1750年被首次记载。Mentor 对于一个贤明的顾问是个合适的名称， 因为它在希腊语中可能有“顾问”之意，而且源自印欧语词根men- 1， 又有“思考”之意〔whore〕Derivatives of Indo-European roots often make strange bedfellows. A prime example is the case of.kā-, "to like, desire.” From the stem.kāro- derived from this root came the prehistoric Common Germanic word .hōraz with the underlying meaning "one who desires" and the effective meaning "adulterer.” From this word came the Old English wordhōre, the ancestor of Modern Englishwhore. The same stem produced the Latin wordcārus, "dear,” from which came Modern Englishcaress, cherish, and charity, the highest form of love. Contact with East Indian culture has added yet another pair of derivatives from this Indo-European root to the English language.From the stem.kāmo- came the Sanskrit word kāmaḥ, "love, desire,” from which are derived the English borrowingsKama, "the Hindu god of love,” andKamasutra, "a Sanskrit treatise on the rules of love and marriage according to Hindu law.” 从印欧语词根派生出的词常产生奇怪的词伴。一个很好的例子就是ko- “喜欢，渴望”。 从这个词根派生出karo 这个词干，然后又产生出史前共同日尔曼语的 horaz 一词，暗指“渴望…的人”，也含有显著的意义“通奸者”。 从这个词又产生古英语中的hore， 这是现代英语whore 的前身。 这一词干产生了拉丁词carus “亲爱的”， 又由它而引出现代英语中的caress,cherish 和 charity 这是爱的最高形式。 与东印度文化的接触又给英语语言加上了另外两个从这个印欧词根派生出的词。从词干kamo- 产生出梵语词 kamah “爱，欲望”， 从这个词又产生出英语的外来词Kama “印度人的爱神”， 和Kamasutra “根据印度法律所制定的关于爱情和婚姻的规定的梵语论述” |
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