| 单词 | 原始 |
| 释义 | 〔rude〕a rude and savage land; a rude agricultural implement.原始的野蛮之地；原始的农业工具〔archetype〕from Greek arkhetupon [from neuter of] arkhetupos [original] 源自 希腊语 arkhetupon 源自arkhetupos的中性词 [原始的] 〔pellet〕A stone ball, used as a catapult missile or a primitive cannonball.石弹：一种用作弹弩或原始大炮子弹的石球〔bowfin〕A primitive, bony freshwater fish(Amia calva) of central and eastern North America, with a long, spineless dorsal fin. Also called dogfish ,mudfish 弓鳍鱼：北美洲中部和东部的一种原始、多骨的淡水鱼（弓鳍鱼 弓鳍鱼属）， 具有长的无脊的背鳍 也作 dogfish,mudfish〔cruel〕Barbarous suggests harshness and cruelty that befit only primitive human beings: Barbarous 意指只对原始人类有利的无情和残酷： 〔uncultured〕an uncultured coal-mining town; regarded him as an uncultured brute.原始的采矿小镇；把它视作粗鲁的野蛮人〔barbarous〕Primitive in culture and customs; uncivilized.野蛮的，未开化的：文化和习惯原始的；不文明的〔number〕The suspects will do their usual number—protesting innocence—and then confess.嫌疑犯会使出老一套原始的做法——辩护自己的清白--然后再坦白〔mixture〕 Blend denotes an intimate, harmonious mixturein which the original components lose their distinctness: Blend 表示一种亲密、和谐的混合，原始的构成成分失去其特性： 〔raw〕raw data; the raw cost of production.第一手资料；产品的原始成本〔Neogaea〕A region that is coextensive with the Neotropical region and is considered one of the primary biogeographic realms.新热带区：与新热带地区有相同范围的地区，被看作是原始的生物地理分布区之一〔funky〕When asked which words in the English language are the most difficult to define precisely,a lexicographer would surely mentionfunky. The meaning offunky seems well captured by Geneva Smitherman in Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America, where she states that funky means “[related to] the blue notes or blue mood created in jazz, blues, and soul music generally, down-to-earth soulfully expressed sounds; by extension [related to] the real nitty-gritty or fundamental essence of life, soul to the max.”Be that as it may,funky is first recorded in 1784 in a reference to musty, old, moldy cheese. Funky then developed the sense "smelling strong or bad,” which could be used to describe body odor.Butfunky was applied to jazz, too—a usage explained in 1959 by one F. Newton inJazz Scene : "Critics are on the search for something a little more like the old, original, passion-laden blues: the trade-name which has been suggested for it is ‘funky’(literally: ‘smelly,’ i.e. symbolizing the return from the upper atmosphere to the physical, down-to-earth reality).” Funky comes from the earlier nounfunk, which meant "a strong smell or stink.” This noun can probably be traced back to the Latin wordfūmus, "smoke.” 当被问及英语中最难准确定义的是哪些词时，词典编纂者肯定会提到funky 这个词。 Funky 的含义似乎被热纳瓦·史密斯曼在 语言和证明： 美国黑人语言一节中解释得很清楚，她认为 funky 指“主要在爵士乐、布鲁斯歌曲、灵乐这些发自灵魂深处的音乐中创造出的音符式的忧郁； 由此延伸为与生命本质精髓有关的，表现美国黑人及其文化特点到极致的。”Funky 最早可能被记录于1784年，用于指发霉的、过期的奶酪。 后来，funky 引申到这层意思“闻起来强烈或有异味的，” 可以用来形容身体的气味。但funky 也用于指爵士乐方面， 这种用法于1959年在一位名叫F·牛顿的人的书爵士舞台 中有所解释： “批评家们正在找一种有些更象原始的、激情洋溢的老布鲁斯歌曲一样的东西：用来表现后的词就是‘有气息的’（字面意义：‘有气味的，’也就是说，从高高在上的格调降回到自然而率直的风格）。” Funky 一词来自较早出现的名词funk， 意为“一种刺鼻的气味或臭味”。 这个词可能可追溯到拉丁词fumus， “烟” 〔Bantu〕From Proto-Bantu *bantu [people] 源自 原始班图语 *bantu [人] 〔fish〕Any of various primitive aquatic vertebrates of the class Cyclostomata, lacking jaws and including the lampreys and hagfishes.鳗类，鳗：无颚的各种原始水生圆口纲脊椎动物中的一种，包括七鳃鳗和盲鳗〔primal〕Being first in time; original; primeval.最初的，原始的；远古的〔caveman〕A prehistoric or primitive human living in caves.穴居人：史前或原始的居于洞中的人类〔progestin〕A crude hormone of the corpus luteum from which progesterone can be isolated in pure form. No longer in scientific use.黄体酮：卵巢的原始黄体荷尔蒙，其中黄体荷尔蒙以纯净的形态被隔离。它已不再用于科研〔difference〕Variation is difference between things of the same class or species;often it refers to modification of something original, prescribed, or typical: Vairation 指相同等级或种类的差异，通常指原始的、指定的或典型的事物的变更： 〔phratry〕A kinship group constituting an intermediate division in the primitive structure of the Hellenic tribe or phyle, consisting of several patrilinear clans, and surviving in classical times as a territorial subdivision in the political and military organization of the Athenian state.胞族：在希腊部落或宗族的原始结构中，构成中间分类的亲属集团，包括几个父亲家族，在古典时期又存留下来，成为雅典城邦的政治合军事组织的领地亚分支〔quern〕A primitive hand-turned grain mill.手推磨：一种原始的手推碾谷磨〔creation〕An original product of human invention or artistic imagination:艺术作品，智慧产物：人类智慧或艺术想象的原始作品：〔savage〕A person regarded as primitive or uncivilized.野蛮人：被认为是原始或未开化的人〔shambles〕The original sense ofshambles to denote a meat market is by now so obscurein American usage that it must be counted the height of pedantry to insist,as a few critics continue to do,that the word should be used metaphorically only to refer to a scene of carnage.作为指肉市的单词shambles 的原始意义， 现在已很模糊，以致在美语用法中认为这个词只能隐喻地指屠杀情景，若还象一些批评家继续做的那样，准会被看作是极度迂腐的做法〔wild〕Uncivilized or barbarous; savage.未开化的，原始的；野蛮的〔Onondaga〕A Native American people formerly inhabiting the eastern Finger Lakes region of west-central New York, with present-day populations in this same area and in southeast Ontario. The Onondaga are one of the original members of the Iroquois confederacy.奥农达加族：以前居住在纽约中西部、芬加湖东部的一个美国土著民族，现在仍居住在这里和安大略的东南部。此民族是易落魁联盟的原始成员之一〔primitive〕Of or relating to an earliest or original stage or state; primeval.原始的，早期的：属于或关于最初的或原始的阶段或状态的；远古的〔headman〕The leader or the chief man of a small, primitive village or community.头人，村长：一个原始小村庄或村落的首领或酋长〔aborigine〕From Latin aborīgines [original inhabitants (folk etymology of a pre-Roman tribal name)] 源自 拉丁语 aborīgines [原始居民（前罗马部落名字的民间词源）] 〔cyclostome〕Any of various primitive eellike vertebrates of the class Agnatha, such as a lamprey, lacking jaws and true teeth and having a circular, sucking mouth.圆口纲脊椎动物：一种类似鳗鱼的无颚纲原始脊椎动物，如盲鳗，没有下颚和真正的牙齿，而长着圆形吮吸的嘴〔native〕Aboriginal describes what has existed from the beginning;it is often applied to the earliest known inhabitants of a place: Aboriginal 描述从一开始就存在的；经常用于居住于某一地区的最早发现的原始土著人： 〔rude〕primitive kitchen facilities;原始的厨房用具；〔pristine〕Of, relating to, or typical of the earliest time or condition; primitive or original.太古的，原始的：最早时期或最初状态的、与之相关的或以之为典型的；太古的或原始的〔endoderm〕The innermost of the three primary germ layers of an animal embryo, developing into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs, and associated structures. Also called hypoblast 内胚层：动物胚胎三个原始胚层的最内层发育成胃肠道、肺及其附属衍生结构 也作 hypoblast〔protopathic〕Sensing pain, pressure, heat, or cold in a nonspecific manner, usually without localizing the stimulus. Used especially of certain sensory nerves.只有原始感觉力的：以一种非特定方式感觉疼痛、压力、热或冷的，尤指对外界刺激没有形成方位感的尤用于形容某些感觉神经〔archetype〕An original model or type after which other similar things are patterned; a prototype:原型：原始模型或型式，根据其形状仿制了其它类似事物；原型：〔pan〕"But Dr. Brett cautioned that what sounds exciting from the Moon does not always pan out in the laboratory"(London Daily Telegraph, December 14, 1972). If Dr. Brett had been talking about hunting for gold on the moon,there would be a solid connection between his use of the expressionpan out and its original use in gold mining. Pan out, like the verb pan itself, comes from the noun pan in the sense "a shallow circular metal vessel used in washing gold from gravel.”The expressionpan out was used in a variety of senses, including "to wash gold-bearing earth in a pan"; "to obtain gold by washing ore in a miner's pan";and with reference to a mine or mineral-bearing soil, "to produce gold or minerals.”From such literal usagespan out was transferred to other situations. In Frederick Whymper'sTravel and Adventure in the Territory of Alaska, published in 1868, we are told that “‘It panned out well’ means that ‘it gave good returns.’”All these uses occurred first in American English,making the expression a true Americanism.“可是布莱特博士告诫说来自月球的听起来令人激动的消息并不总会在实验室获得成功”(伦敦每日电讯报 1972年12月14日）。 如果布莱特博士谈论的是关于在月球上寻找金子，那么，在他表达panout 这个用法和这个短语在金矿开采方面的原始用法就会有一种固定的联系。 Pan out 象动词 pan 本身一样来源于名词 pan ， 意思是“一个浅而且圆的金属器皿，用来从矿砂中淘洗金子”。pan out 的表达用在各种意思中， 包括“在淘金盘中淘洗含金的泥土”，“在矿工的淘金盘里淘洗矿砂得到金子”，并且与矿井或含矿土壤有关，“产金子或矿物”。在这样的文学用法中，pan out 被借用于其它情况。 在弗雷德里克·怀姆坡1868年出版的在阿拉斯加旅游历险 中， 我们得知"It panned at well"意思是“得到好的回报”。所有这些用法都首先出现在美国英语中，表达了一种真正的美国主义〔caribou〕from Proto-Algonquin *mekālixpowa 源自 原始阿尔贡金语 *mekālixpowa 〔savage〕Not civilized; barbaric:原始的：未开化的；野蛮的：〔qualitative〕Middle English [producing a primary quality] 中古英语 [产生一种原始的特性] 〔primeval〕Belonging to the first or earliest age or ages; original or ancient:原始的，早期的：属于最初的或最早的年代的；原先的或远古的： |
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