| 单词 | 取而代之 |
| 释义 | 〔Leningrad〕A city of northwest European U.S.S.R. on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland. Founded by Peter the Great in 1703 as St. Petersburg, it soon flourished as his "window on Europe" and became the capital of Russia in 1712. Noted for its fine architecture and cultural achievements, the city was called Petrograd from 1914 to 1924. Moscow replaced it as capital in 1918. Population, 4,329,000.列宁格勒，圣彼得堡：苏联西北欧部分一城市，位于涅瓦河沿岸，芬兰湾的顶端。1703年由彼得大帝创建，被命名为圣彼得堡，很快就作为“欧洲之窗”繁荣起来，1712年成为俄国的首都。以其优美的建筑和文化成就闻名于世，从1914年到1924年期间，该市一度被称为彼得格勒。1918年莫斯科取而代之而成为首都。人口4,329,000〔brainwashing〕Intensive, forcible indoctrination, usually political or religious, aimed at destroying a person's basic convictions and attitudes and replacing them with an alternative set of fixed beliefs.洗脑：集中的强制的灌输，通常是政治上的或宗教上的，目的在于摧毁一个人的最基本的信仰和态度，以另一套固定信仰取而代之〔Kuhn〕American philosopher and historian best known for his workThe Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), in which he challenged the view that the history of science is a smooth and cumulative process, arguing instead that scientific change occurs through "revolutions" in which one paradigm of inquiry and explanation is replaced by another. 库恩，托马斯·塞缪尔：美国哲学家及历史学家，以其作品《科学革命的结构》 （1962年）著称于世，在书中他质疑科学的历史有着平顺及累积培养过程的观点，取而代之主张科学变化的发生是经过"革命"而来的，一种询问及解释的典范被另外一种所取代 〔Hoover〕The 31st President of the United States (1929-1933). After the stock market crash of 1929 he was unwilling to finance employment through federal intervention and lost the presidency to Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932.胡佛，赫伯特·克拉克：(1874-1964) 美国第31届总统(1929-1933年）1929年股票市场崩盘后，他不愿通过联邦政府干预来资助从业，于1932年竞选失败，富兰克林D·罗斯福取而代之 |
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