| 单词 | 庄园 |
| 释义 | 〔countryseat〕An estate or mansion in the country.庄园，乡间邸宅：乡下的田产或房子〔Xanadu〕After Xanadu, , a place in "Kubla Khan,” a poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge 源自 美丽的庄园 ，撒母尔·泰勒·柯尔雷基诗作《忽必烈汗》中的一处地名 〔plantation〕It has probably seemed ironic to more than one reader that the same wordplantation appears in the name Plimoth Plantation, a settlement of people seeking freedom of religion,albeit their particular form of religion,and also as the term for the estates of the pre-Civil War Southwith their beautiful mansions for the white elite and their hovels for the oppressed Black slaves.These two uses of the wordplantation illustrate two sense developments of the word, which is first recorded in Middle English asplantacioun in a work probably written during the first quarter of the 15th century. Latinplantātiō, the source of our English word, originally meant "propagation of a plant, as from cuttings,”but in Medieval Latin developed other related senses,such as "planting,” "foundation, establishment,” and "nursery, or collection of growing plants that have been planted.”The two senses that were used in New England and in the South can thus be explained.The Plimoth sense is derived from the notion of a settlement or colony that has been established or planted in a new country.The Southern sense goes back to the notion of simply planting crops,in this casecrops such as tobacco or cottonthat are grown on estates or farms in subtropical or tropical climatesand were at one time worked by slave labor.同样的单词plantation 出现在名称 Plimoth Plantation （普利茅斯种植园）中，这对不止一名读者来说，可能看起来是具讽刺意味的， 该名称指寻求宗教自由的人的小型社区，虽然他们的宗教形式很特别，也是作为内战前南方庄园的术语，指供高贵白种人居住的漂亮公馆和受压迫的黑人奴隶居住的破旧茅屋。单词plantation 的这两种用法说明了这个单词两种意思的发展， 其以可能于15世纪最初二十五年创作的一部作品中的plantacioun 形式首次记录进中世纪英语。 拉丁文plantatio 是我们这个英语单词的词源， 最初意为“植物的繁殖，如通过供插栽小枝，”但是在中世纪拉丁文中又发展了其它的相关的意思，例如“种植、”“建立、设立”和“苗圃或已被种植的活的植物的集合。”这样，用在新英格兰和南方的这两种意思就能够解释了。普利茅斯种植园的意思是从在新的国家中建立或移民的新拓居地或殖民地的概念中引申出来的。南方庄园的意思则可追溯到简易耕种作物的概念上来，在这种情况下，例如烟草或棉花等农作物，生长在亚热带或热带气候的庄园或农场，且一段时间以来由奴隶种植〔park〕A tract of land attached to a country house, especially when including extensive gardens, woods, pastures, or a game preserve.庄园：尤指有宽大的花园、树林、草原或游戏场所的附属于乡村住房的一块土地〔Yquem〕After Château d' Yquem , an estate in southwest France 源自莎杜·德 伊盖姆 ，法国西南部一个庄园 〔seigneury〕The power, rank, or estate of a seigneur.领主权：封建领主的权力、职位或庄园〔bylaw〕A casual glance at the wordbylaw might make one think that the element by- means "secondary, subsidiary,” especially sincebylaw can mean "a secondary law.” It is possible thatby-, as in byway, has influencedbylaw in the sense "secondary law"; however,bylaw existed long before the sense in question. The word is first recorded in 1283 with the meaning "a body of customs or regulations, as of a village, manor, religious organization, or sect.”By- in this word comes from Old Norse, as may the wordbylaw, and is related to if not identical with the element -by in the names of many places, such as Whitby, where Scandinavians settled when they invaded England during the early Middle Ages.We get the sense of this-by if we compare the related word entered as bær, b÷r, bȳr, in the standard dictionary of Old Icelandic, meaning "a town or village" in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark and "a farm or landed estate" in Iceland. We thus see whybylaw would mean "a body of customs of a village or manor" and why we use the word to mean "a law or rule governing the internal affairs of an organization.”随意瞟一眼单词bylaw 可能会使人想起前缀 by- ，意为“第二位的，次要的”， 因为bylaw 意为“附属的法规”。 可能因为前缀by- 位于 byway 中， 它影响了bylaw “附属法规”这一意义； 然而bylaw 一词在上述意义产生之前早已存在。 该词最初是在1283年以“一种习俗或规章体系，如村庄、县邑、宗教组织或派系之中”这种含义记载的。前缀By- 来自古斯堪的纳维亚语中， 正如bylaw 一词在许多地名之中与后缀 -by 若不是完全一致，就是彼此相关， 如惠特比，这是斯堪的纳维亚人在中世纪早期侵入英格兰之后的定居地。如果我们将古冰岛标准字典中的相关词bær, b÷r, bȳr （在挪威、瑞典和丹麦这些国家中意为“城镇或村庄”而在冰岛意为“农场或庄园”）加以比较，就会得出后缀 -by 的含义。 我们因而可以明白为什么bylaw 一词意为“村庄或县邑的习俗体系” 以及我们为什么使用其“一种法规或规则，用于管理一个组织的内部事务”这一意义〔Vinogradoff〕Russian-born British jurist and historian. His works includeGrowth of the Manor (1905) and Historical Jurisprudence (1920-1922). 维诺格拉多夫，保罗·加弗里洛维奇：(1854-1925) 俄裔的英国法学家和历史学家。他的作品包括《庄园的成长》 （1905年）和 《历史法学》 （1920年-1922年） 〔bayou〕A sluggish stream that meanders through lowlands, marshes, or plantation grounds.长沼：一个蜿蜒流过低地、沼泽或庄园土地的流动缓慢的溪流〔lodge〕A small house on the grounds of an estate or a park, used by a caretaker or gatekeeper.门房：庄园或公园里的小屋，供管理员或看门人使用〔layout〕“[Her] show horses . . . were kept on the couple's one-and-a-half acre Malibu layout" (People)“ 获得第三名的赛马…被圈养在这对夫妇1.5英亩大小的马利普庄园中” (民族)〔chateau〕A French manor house.法国的庄园建筑〔finca〕A rural property, especially a large farm or ranch, in Spanish America.庄园：种植园，尤指在西班牙属美洲的大农场或大牧场〔Jefferson〕The third President of the United States (1801-1809). A member of the second Continental Congress, he drafted the Declaration of Independence (1776). His presidency was marked by the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France (1803) and the Tripolitan War (1801-1805). A political philosopher, educator, and architect, Jefferson designed his own estate, Monticello, and buildings for the University of Virginia.杰斐逊，托马斯：(1743-1826) 第三届美国总统(1801-1809年）。他是第二次大陆会议的成员并起草了《独立宣言》(1776年）。他因在总统任职期间从法国购买了路易斯安那地区(1803年）和的黎波里战争(1801-1805年）而著名。他是一位政治理论家、教育家和建筑师，自行设计了蒙提萨罗庄园，并创办了弗吉尼亚大学〔seigniory〕The power, rank, or estate of a feudal lord. Also called signory 领主权，领地：封建领主的权力、地位或庄园 也作 signory〔Hearst〕American newspaper and magazine publisher. Beginning with theSan Francisco Examiner in 1887, he built the world's largest publishing empire, comprising 28 major newspapers. A passionate collector, he displayed many of his acquisitions in San Simeon, his ornate California estate. 赫斯特，威廉·伦道夫：(1863-1951) 美国报刊和杂志出版商，1887年创办《旧金山考察人报》 ，他建立了世界上最大的出版业帝国，由28家主要报纸组成，他是一个狂热的收集家，在圣西蒙（他在美国加利福尼亚富丽堂皇的庄园）曾展出过许多他收藏的古董 〔Chambord〕A village of north-central France northeast of Tours. It is noted for its magnificent Renaissance château built by Francis I.钱伯德村：法国中北部一村庄，位于托尔斯东北。以文艺复兴时期弗朗西斯一世在此兴建的壮观华美的庄园而闻名〔groundskeeper〕One who maintains grounds, as of an estate, a park, or an athletic field.场地管理员；看管人：负责维护场地，如庄园、公园或运动场场地的人〔gamekeeper〕One who is employed to protect and maintain game birds and animals, especially on an estate or a game preserve.猎场管理员：被雇保护和繁殖猎禽和猎兽的人，尤指在庄园内或猎区中〔seigneur〕In Canada, a man who owned a large estate originally held by a feudal grant from the king of France.领主，庄园主：加拿大拥有大片曾由封建领主控制的法国国王授权的庄园的人〔lawn〕A plot of grass, usually tended or mowed, as one around a residence or in a park or an estate.草坪：一块通常有人照看或割刈的草地，如在住宅区周围的或公园、庄园中的 |
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