| 单词 | 美洲大陆 |
| 释义 | 〔powwow〕Because trances were so important to the Native American shaman as a means of getting in touch with spiritual forces beyond the ken of the normal person,the titlepowwaw, literally meaning "one who has visions,” was accorded him. One of the occurrences of this word in an early piece of propaganda designed to bring more settlers to New Englandrepresents fairly well the Puritan attitudes to the religion of the native inhabitants of the New World:"The office and dutie of the Powah is to be exercised principally in calling upon the Devil;and curing diseases of the sicke or wounded.”The word whose spelling was eventually settled in English aspowwow was also used as the name for ceremonies and councils, probably because of the important role played by the shaman in both.After the native peoples had been dealt withand the fear of devil worship was somewhat diminished,the newcomers decided that they could have powwows too,the first reference to one of these being recorded in the Salem, Massachusetts,Gazette of 1812: "The Warriors of the Democratic Tribe will hold a powwow at Agawam on Tuesday next.”The verbpowwow, "to confer,” was recorded even earlier, in 1780. 因为作为一种超出常人理解范围的与神灵联系的方式，催眠对于北美印第安人巫师来说是如此重要，故巫师被冠以字面意思为“有洞察力的人”的powwaw 这一名称。 这个词在早期为鼓励更多人去新英格兰定居而作的宣传中的出现，它很好地证明了清教徒们对于美洲大陆土著居民宗教的态度：“帕瓦仪式的职责与义务主要就是用来召唤魔鬼；治愈病人或伤者。”这个在英语中最后以powwow 的拼写形式固定下来的词也用作仪式及会议的名称， 这也许是因为巫师在两者中都起着重要作用。在与土著居民进行接触以后，随着对其魔鬼崇拜的恐惧逐渐消逝，那些新来者决定他们也可以举行帕瓦仪式，1812年马萨诸塞州塞勒姆的时事报 第一次提及了这种会议： “下星期二民主党派的斗士们将在阿加瓦姆召开会议”。动词意为“商讨”的powwow 则早在1780年就有记载了 〔Mackenzie〕British-born Canadian explorer who navigated the Mackenzie River (1789) and was the first to cross North America by land north of Mexico (1793).麦肯齐，亚历山大：(1764-1820) 英国裔加拿大探险家，横渡过马更些河(1789年），是第一个由陆地横穿墨西哥以北的美洲大陆的人(1793年）〔Cartagena〕A city of northwest Colombia on theBay of Cartagena, an inlet of the Caribbean Sea. Founded in 1533, Cartagena was once the richest port on the Spanish Main. Population, 495,028. 卡塔赫纳：哥伦比亚西北部一城市，位于加勒比海海湾卡塔赫纳湾 上，卡塔赫纳市建立于1533年，曾一度是美洲大陆加勒比海沿岸最富庶的港口。人口495,028 〔coinage〕"Count Gengler was of common coinage, but in coming to America he took on a royal name"(Jimmy Breslin)“吉勒伯爵出身平凡，但到美洲大陆后就冠上了皇家的名字”(吉米·布雷斯林) |
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