| 单词 | 不一定 |
| 释义 | 〔challenged〕People who object to the termsdisabled and handicapped as being too negative sometimes propose the substitution of challenged instead, as in referring to persons with physical disabilities as physically challenged. While this particular phrase is quite popular, it is sometimes taken to be condescending, and similar usages such as mentally challenged have failed to win equal acceptance. Indeed, the widespread parody of challenged in such expressions as electronically challenged for "inept at using computers" has effectively eliminated it as an all-purpose alternative to disabled or handicapped. 一些觉得使用disabled 和 handicapped 字眼过于负面的人，偶会以委婉的 challenged 代替，如用 physically challenged 指肢体有缺陷。这个特别词汇的使用相当普遍，因为有时会被视为较谦逊的用法，不过相似用法的接受度不一定相同， mentally challenged 这个用法便无法获得相同的认同。事实上，广为流传的 challenged 谐谑用法如以 electronically challenged（计算机残障） 来形容计算机白痴，已使得其全面替代 disabled 或 handicapped 沦为梦想 〔fiction〕A literary work whose content is produced by the imagination and is not necessarily based on fact.小说：其内容是想象出来的而不一定是以事实为基础的文学作品〔pocketbook〕The link between the senses "billfold, purse,” and "pocket-sized book" of the wordpocketbook can be clarified with a little historical information. The compound is first recorded in 1617 in the sense of "a small book designed to be carried in a pocket.”It is only recently that such books have looked like the paperbound books we are familiar with;these early paperbacks were bound like any book but were smaller in size.The next recorded use ofpocketbook (1685) is again for a book designed to fit in the pocket but this time used for notes or memoranda.The same word was then applied to a case that was shaped like a bookand in which money or papers could be kept.Finally, the wordpocketbook was transferred to yet another container for keeping things, a purse or handbag,rarely fitting in the pocketand not necessarily shaped like a book.Pocketbook 一词的两种词义“钱夹，手袋”和“口袋大小的书”之间的关联通过一点历史知识予以澄清。 这一复合词在1617年被首次记录为“被设计放在口袋里携带的一本小书”的意思。只是到不久前这种书看上去才象我们所熟悉的纸质封皮的书籍；这些早期的纸皮书装订得除了大尺寸上小点之外与其它书都一样。Pocketbook (1685年）的下一个记录下来的用法又是指设计的以适合口袋大小的书， 但这次它却被用来做笔记或便笺。这一词后来又被用来指定形为本书一样的盒子，并且里面可以存放钱或纸张。最后，pocketbook 这个词又转指另一种存放物品的容纳物， 比如一只手袋或手提包，它很少会放得进口袋，形状也不一定象书。〔neutrophil〕Not stained strongly or definitely by either acid or basic dyes but stained readily by neutral dyes. Used especially of white blood cells.嗜中性染料的：不一定非用酸性或碱性染剂染色不可的，也易于用中性染剂染色的，尤其指白细胞〔obscurity〕"Even utter obscurity need not be an obstacle to[political] success" (New Republic)“虽说状况不明，也不一定是［政治的］ 成功的阻碍” (新共和国)〔accidental〕 Incidental refers to what is an adjunct to something else and does not necessarily imply the operation of chance: Incidental 指附加于另外的事物上，但不一定就暗指是由于偶然的因素： 〔criticize〕 Criticize can mean merely to evaluate good and bad points without necessarily finding fault: Criticize 这一词可以只指评价好的方面和差的方面，而不一定有非难之意： 〔lonely〕Henry Bradley, one of the four editors of theOxford English Dictionary, said "It is a truth often overlooked, but not unimportant, that every addition to the resources of a language must in the first instance have been due to an act (though not necessarily to a voluntary or conscious act) of some one person.”In many casesthis one person may have been an author,since the first recorded instance of a word is often found in an author's work.Of course, as Bradley warns,this is the firstrecorded instance; it is possible that a given author picked up the word or sense somewhere elseor that these reside undiscovered in an earlier work.In any caseit might be a minor relief of our condition the next time we feel lonely to know that the first recorded instance of the wordlonely occurs in the works of Shakespeare. The passage appears inCoriolanus (1607-1608) in a speech by Coriolanus to his mother Volumnia:"My mother, you wot [know] well/My hazards still have been your solace, and/Believe't not lightly—though I go alone,/Like to alonely dragon, that his fen/Makes fear'd and talk'd of more than seen—your son/Will or exceed the common or be caught/With cautelous [crafty] baits and practice.” Lonely here, of course, has the sense "solitary.” The dragon does not feel dejected,or if he does,he does not seem to know how to reach out to others effectively.牛津英语词典 的四位编纂者之一亨利·布莱德雷说： “人们经常忽视这样一个现实，但它并非不重要，那就是对某种语言词汇的每一次添加都首先是由于某一个人的行为（尽管不一定是自愿的或有意识的行为）”。许多时候，这一个人可能是个作者，因为一个词有记载的首次使用往往出自一位作者的作品。当然，正如布莱德雷所提醒人们的，这是首次有记载的 的例子； 某个作者可能是从别处学到这个词或这个意思，或是这个词或意思在更早的作品中已经出现，只是未被人们发现。不管怎样，当我们知道lonely 这个词的有记载的首次使用出现在莎士比亚的作品中时，这些都不大能减轻我们的沮丧心情。 在卡里奥拉纳斯 （1607-1608年）中， 卡里奥拉纳斯对他母亲弗罗姆尼娅讲的一段话中有这样的文字：“我的母亲，你清楚地知道／我的冒险一直是你的安慰，而且／不要轻信——尽管我要只身前往，／就象去面对一条孤单的 龙，他的沼泽／令人谈而色变，尽管并未亲见——你的儿子／决意或是胜过凡人或是被狡猾的圈套和手段擒捉”。 Lonely 在这里的意思当然是“孤单的”。 龙不会感到沮丧，即便它感到沮丧，他也不太可能知道如何让别人体会到它的感情〔unlikely〕Not promising; likely to fail.不一定有把握的：前景不妙的；可能会失败的〔suffer〕In general usagesuffer is preferably used with from, rather than with, in constructions such as He suffered from hypertension. According to 94 percent of the Usage Panel,suffered with would be unacceptable in the preceding example. In medical usagesuffer with is sometimes employed with reference to the actual pain or discomfort caused by a condition, whilesuffer from is used more broadly in reference to a condition, such as anemia, that is detrimental but not necessarily painful.就一般用法而言，在诸如他患有高血压症 这样的结构中， suffer 最好是与 from 连用，而不是 with 。 百分之九十四的用法委员会认为，在上一个例子中用suffer with 将不被接受。 在医学上，suffer with 有时用来指示某种状况引起的具体疼痛或不适， 而suffer from 则多用来表示一种状况，如贫血症， 这种状况是有害的但不一定是痛苦的或引起疼痛的〔proportion〕"We do not always find visible happiness in proportion to visible virtue"(Samuel Johnson)“我们会发现可见的幸福不一定与可见的美德成比例”(塞缪尔·约翰逊)〔opinion〕 Persuasion applies to a confidently held opinion not necessarily based on intellectual considerations: Persuasion 意味着坚信的观点，不一定基于理性思考： 〔gruff〕 Gruff implies roughness or surliness of manner and often harsh speechbut does not necessarily suggest rudeness: Gruff 有举止粗鲁或暴躁、言语严厉的含义，但不一定意味着无礼： 〔pollster〕An understanding of the history of the-ster in pollster may perhaps raise more questions than it answers. In the first place apollster does not have to be a woman, despite the fact that the suffix-ster, originally-estre in Old English, was used to form feminine agent nouns.Hoppestere, for example, meant "female dancer.” But in Old English-estre was occasionally applied to men, although perhaps largely or completely in the case of translations of Latin masculine nouns denoting occupations that were held by women in Anglo-Saxon society.An example isbæcester, "baker,” glossing Latinpistor; it survives as the Modern English nameBaxter. In Middle Englishthe suffix was still largely feminine in the south of Englandbut masculine and feminine in the north,a tendency that became general in English starting with the 16th century.As an example of this tendencyseamster was remade into the feminineseamstress. In Modern English the suffix is usually derogatory.This use probably arose from the occurrence of the suffix with ambiguous verbs,such asgame, "to play at sports, to play at sex,” or with pejorative verbs,such asrime or rhyme. In some modern formations on neutral words-ster is not derogatory, as inyoungster (1589), but in most cases,as withpollster (1939), -ster has pejorative force. 对于pollster 中的 -ster 的历史的理解也许会引发比它能回答的问题更多的问题。 首先pollster 不一定非得是妇女， 尽管-ster 这一后缀， 源于古英语中的-estre ， 被用来构成阴性名词。比如hoppestere 一词意为“女舞蹈者。” 但在古英语中-estre 也偶尔可以用在男性身上， 虽然也许这种情况大多或者完全出现在表示盎格鲁-撒克逊社会中由妇女从事的职业的一些阳性拉丁文名词的翻译中。其中一个例子是boecester 意为“面包师”， 来自拉丁语的pistor； 这个词在现代英语名字Baxter 中保存了下来。 在中世纪英语中，该后缀在英格兰南部仍然主要地被用作阴性，但在英格兰北部却被同时用作阳性和阴性，而后一种趋势自16世纪以来逐渐在英语中变得普遍。反映这种趋势的一个例子是seamster ， 该词被改造成了阴性的seamstress。 在现代英语中这一后缀通常是含贬义的。这种用法可能是因为此后缀与一些有歧义的动词合用而产生的，比如game 可表示“进行体育活动，进行性游戏，” 或者是因为与轻蔑动词合用而产生的，比如rime 或 rhyme。 在某些现代英语中性名词中，-ster 不是贬损的， 如在youngster (1589年）中， 但在大多数情况下，如pollster (1939年）这个词中 -ster 仍是有贬义的 〔miscellaneous〕Mixed suggests a combination of differing but not necessarily conflicting elements: Mixed 暗示着一种由不同但不一定是互相对立的因素构成的组合： 〔tump〕The verbtump, used almost invariably with over in the intransitive sense "to fall over"and the transitive sense "to overturn,”is in common use in the South.The editors of theDictionary of American Regional English have collected evidence of its use in Arkansas, Texas, and Kentucky; it is also common in Alabama, Tennessee, and Georgia.This example supplied byDARE is typical: "When he brushed against the coffee table his Coke tumped over" (Little Rock, Arkansas, informant).But another citation, taken from Gregory Jaynes's parody of detective fiction, "In New York State: Who Poisoned the Pudding?” in the June 17, 1985, issue ofTime, indicates that tump may not be exclusively Southern: "At the end he tumps over into his rice pudding, poisoned. Whodunit?” As for its ultimate origin,tump is probably related to tumble as a separate development from the same Old English verbtumbian. 动词tump 几乎总是和 over 连用， 作不及物动词表示“倾倒，翻倒”，也可作及物动词表示“弄翻，翻转”，这个词在南部普遍使用。美国方言词典 的编辑们收集证据证明这个词用于阿肯色州、得克萨斯州和肯塔基州， 也普遍用于阿拉巴马州，田纳西州和佐治亚州。美国区域英语词典 中提供的这个例句很典型： “当他擦过咖啡桌时，他的可乐打翻了” （阿肯色州小石城，密告者）。但是从格里高利·杰恩斯的模仿侦探小说的作品《在纽约州：谁往布丁里下了毒?》（该作品刊登于1985年6月17日出版的时代 )中摘录的另一处引文却显示 tump 不一定只在南方使用： “最后，他跌倒在自己的稻米布丁中，被毒死了。谁干的?” 至于这个的词的最终来源，tump 可能与 tumble 有关， 它们分别从同一个古英语动词tumbian 发展而来 〔glitch〕Although in retrospectglitch seems to be a word that people would always have found useful, it is first recorded in English in 1962in the writing of John Glenn:"Another term we adopted to describe some of our problems was ‘glitch.’”Glenn then gives the technical sense of the word the astronauts had adopted:"Literally, a glitch is a spike or change in voltage in an electrical current.”In this very passage we see how the word moved from its narrow, technical electronic sense to a more general sense, even if the astronauts were not necessarily the first to extend the meaning ofglitch. Since then the word has passed beyond technical useand now covers a wide variety of malfunctions and mishaps.回溯历史，尽管glitch 似乎是一个向来有用的单词， 但是直到1962年它才首次在英语中有记录，在约翰·格林著作中：“我们所采用的另一个用来描述我们的问题的词汇是‘glitch’”。格林给这个词下了为宇航员所采用的专业定义， “严格来说，glitch是指电流中电压受阻或变化。”。在这里，即使宇航员不一定是第一个引申了glitch 的含义，可是我们看到这个词是如何从它狭义的电子技术上的意义发展到更普遍的意义。 此后这个词超出了技术上的使用范围，现在可指多种功能故障和灾祸〔some〕An indefinite or unspecified number or portion:若干：一个不一定或不特定的数或份量：〔opinion〕The economist gave us her feelings on the causes of inflation. Abelief is a conclusion, not necessarily derived firsthand, to which one subscribes strongly: 这位经济学家告诉了我们她关于引起通货膨胀的观点。 Blief 是一种观点，不一定是人们极力相信的第一个观点： |
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