| 单词 | 单数名词 |
| 释义 | 〔none〕It is true thatnone is etymologically derived from the Old English word ān, "one,” but the word has been used as both a singular and a plural noun from Old English onward.The plural use can be found in reputable sources such as the King James Bible, Dryden, and Burke;and H.W. Fowler described the traditional rule as "a mistake.”Either a singular or a plural verb is acceptably used in a sentencesuch asNone of the conspirators has (or have ) been brought to trial. Whennone is modified by almost, however, it is difficult to avoid treating the word as a plural: 事实是这样的：none 根据词源学来自于古英语词汇 an “一，” 但是此词从古英语开始既被用作单数名词，又被用作复数名词形式。复数用法可以在规范的原始资料如詹姆士圣经、德莱顿以及伯克的作品中发现。H·W·福勒把传统的规则描述为“一个错误”。无论是单数还是复数动词均可以被接受用于句子中，如所有的同谋者都未 （或者 have ) 被送审。 然而当none 被 almost 修饰时， 很难避免将此词当作复数： 〔the〕Used before a singular noun indicating that the noun is generic:用于单数名词前表类别：〔agenda〕It is true that Cicero would have usedagendum to refer to a single item of business before the Roman Senate, with agenda as its plural. But in Modern English a phrase such asitem on the agenda expresses the sense of agendum, andagenda is used as a singular noun to denote the set or list of such items, as inThe agenda for the meeting has not yet been set. If a plural ofagenda is required, the form should be agendas: The agendas of both meetings are exceptionally varied. 在罗马元老院之前西塞罗确实就已经在用agendum 来指一个议事日程，而用 agenda 作为复数。 但是在现代英语中item on the agenda 这个短语表达了 agendum 的意义， 同时agenda 作为单数名词意为“一组或一列项目”， 如：The agenda for the meeting has not yet been set（会议议程尚未确定）。 如果需要用agenda 的复数，应该用 agendas： The agendas of both meetings are exceptionally varied（两会议议程迥然不同）。 〔likuta〕Bantu li- [sing. n. pref.] 班图语 li- [用于单数名词前] 〔graffito〕The formgraffiti, based on the Italian plural, is far more common than the singular form graffito. Graffitiis often used as a singular noun. When the reference is to a particular inscription (as inThere was a bold graffiti on the wall ), the formgraffito would be etymologically correct but might strike some readers as pedantic outside an archaeological context.There is no substitute for the singular use ofgraffiti when the word is used as a mass noun to refer to inscriptions in general or to the related social phenomenon. The sentenceGraffiti is a major problem for the Transit Authority Police cannot be rewordedGraffito is . . . (since graffito can refer only to a particular inscription) or Graffiti are . . . , which suggests that the police problem involves only the physical marks and not the larger issue of vandalism.In such contexts,the use ofgraffiti as a singular is justified by both utility and widespread precedent. 基于意大利语的复数形式graffiti 远比单数形式 graffito更普遍。 Graffiti常用作单数名词。 当意指一特定涂鸦物（如在墙上有一处下流的涂鸦 中）， graffito 的形式在词形变化上是正确的， 但可能会在古文化语境外使一些人显得迂腐。graffiti 的单数作物质名词使用来指涂鸦的总称或相应的社会现象时，是没有替代词的。 句子：涂鸦是公共交通警察局遇到的主要难题 ， 不能用Graffito is … 来替换（因为 graffito 只能指一具体的涂鸦）或用 Graffiti are … 来替换， 因其意指警察的问题只涉及存在的标记而不是破坏公物的大问题。在这些语境中，graffiti 作为单数形式的使用是被广泛使用的先例所证实的 〔there〕Although this usage is strictly incorrect,the attraction of the verb to the singular noun phrase following it is so strong that few writers manage to avoid the construction entirely. ·The demonstrative formsthat there and this here are nonstandard. 尽管严格地讲，这种用法是错误的，但动词对于跟随它的单数名词短语的吸引力如此之强以至几乎没有作者能完全避免这种结构。指示形式that there 和 this here 是不标准的 〔lilangeni〕li- [sing. n. pref.] li- [用于单数名词前] |
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