| 单词 | 市民 |
| 释义 | 〔civil〕from cīvis [citizen] * see kei- 1源自 cīvis [市民] * 参见 kei- 1〔dicast〕One of the 6,000 citizens chosen each year in ancient Athens to sit in the law courts, with functions resembling those of a judge and juror.民选代表法官：古雅典每年从6000名市民中选出一名坐在法庭上既行使法官职能又行使陪审团职能的成员〔capitulary〕An ecclesiastical or civil ordinance.牧师会法规：一条教士的或市民的法规〔material〕"the moral and material welfare of all good citizens"(Theodore Roosevelt)“所有优秀市民的道德上和实质上的好处”(西奥多·罗斯福)〔allay〕allayed the fears of the worried citizens.使焦虑不安的市民从恐惧中平静下来〔classis〕Latin [class of citizens] * see class 拉丁语 [市民阶层] * 参见 class〔municipal〕from mūniceps [citizen] 源自 mūniceps [市民] 〔say〕Citizens have a say in the councils of government. All I want is some say in the matter.市民在政府议会中有发言权。我只想在这件事上有些决定权〔greenway〕A corridor of undeveloped land, as along a river or between urban centers, that is reserved for recreational use or environmental preservation.绿色走廊：沿河或在两个城市中心区之间的由未开发土地形成的走廊，为市民休闲娱乐或环境保护而保留〔civic〕from cīvis [citizen] * see kei- 1源自 cīvis [市民] * 参见 kei- 1〔colorblind〕"Our Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens"(John M. Harlan)“我们的宪法是一视同仁的，既不承认也不能容忍在市民中存在阶级差别”(约翰M.哈伦)〔Demosthenes〕Greek orator whose reputation is based mainly on hisPhilippics, a series of orations exhorting the citizens of Athens to rise up against Philip II of Macedon. 狄摩西尼：希腊演说家，他的成名主要基于勉励雅典市民起来反抗马其顿国王腓力二世的一系列演讲《强烈抨击》 〔city〕from cīvis [citizen] * see kei- 1源自 cīvis [市民] * 参见 kei- 1〔class〕from Latin classis [class of citizens] * see kelə- 2源自 拉丁语 classis [市民阶层] * 参见 kelə- 2〔bourgeois〕from Old French burgeis [citizen of a town] 源自 古法语 burgeis [市民] 〔phyle〕A large citizens' organization based on kinship, constituting the largest political subdivision of an ancient Greek city-state.宗族：一种基于亲戚关系的巨大的市民组织，它组成了古希腊城邦的最大的政治分支〔burgher〕A comfortable or complacent member of the middle class.城镇或自治市、镇的市民：很舒服的或满足的中产阶级成员〔Glaswegian〕A native or resident of Glasgow, Scotland.格拉斯哥人：苏格兰格拉斯哥人或市民〔Philistine〕It has never been good to be a Philistine.Samson, Saul, and David in the Bible helped bring the Philistines into prominence because they were such prominent opponents.Even though the Philistines have long since disappeared,their name has lived on in the Old Testament.The English name for them,Philistines, which goes back through Late Latin and Greek to Hebrew, is first found in Middle English,wherePhilistiens, the ancestor of our word, is recorded in a work composed before 1325. Beginning in the 17th centuryphilistine was used as a common noun usually in the plural to refer to various groups considered the enemy,such as literary critics.In Germany in the same centuryit is said that in a memorial at Jena for a student who had been killed in a town-gown quarrel,the minister preached a sermon from the text "Philister über dir Simson! [The Philistines be upon thee, Samson!],”the words of Delilah to Samson after she attempted to render him powerless before his Philistine enemies.From this usage it is said that German students came to usePhilister, the German equivalent of Philistine, to denote nonstudents and hence uncultured or materialistic people.Both usages were picked up in English in the early 19th century.做非利士人从来没有好处。《圣经》中的参孙、索尔和大卫使非利士人出名是因为他们是很优秀的对手。尽管非利士人已消失很久了，他们的名字却仍存在于《旧约》当中。他们的英文名称Philistines 可由晚期拉丁语和希腊语追溯到希伯来语， 是在中世纪英语中首先发现的，其中我们所用词的前身Philistines 记载在一部1325年前的著作中。 17世纪以来，Philistine 被用作普通名词并且常以复数形式出现， 意指被认为是敌人的各种团体，如文学批评家。在同一世纪的德国，据说在耶拿举行的纪念一名在市民和大学生争执中被杀的学生的纪念会上，牧师从“［非利士人比你强，参孙!］”中选取了一段做布道，就是迪莱勒在试图使参孙在他的非利士手面前变得软弱无力后说的那些话。这段话的用法中可见德国学生开始使用philister 作为 philistine 的德语替代语， 意指不是学生因此也就是没有文化以及不务实的人。这两种用法在19世纪早期的英语中均能找到〔notify〕notified the citizens of the curfew by posting signs.以邮寄标志来通知市民们宵禁了〔Prague〕The capital and largest city of Czechoslovakia, in the western part of the country on the Vltava River. Known since the 9th century, it was a leading cultural and commercial center by the 14th century and came under Hapsburg rule in 1526. In 1618 citizens of Prague expressed their dissatisfaction of Hapsburg rule by throwing several royal officials out of the windows of the Hradčany Castle in the so-called Defenestration of Prague. The city became the capital of newly formed Czechoslovakia in 1918. Population, 1,189,828.布拉格：捷克斯洛伐克首都及最大城市，位于这个国家的西半部，临瓦尔塔瓦河。该城自公元9世纪就已闻名于世，到14世纪为止是一个处于领先地位的文化及商业中心，于1526年开始为哈布斯堡王朝所统治。1618年，为了表示对哈布斯堡王朝统治的不满，布拉格市民将几个皇家官员从克拉克尼城堡的窗中扔了出去，从而制造了所谓的“布拉格扔出窗外”事件。1918年该城成为新形成的捷克斯洛伐克的首都。人口1,189,828〔snob〕Snobs look down at their inferiors,but at one timesnobs looked up at their betters.The wordsnob, the ultimate origins of which are uncertain, is first found in 1781in the sense "shoemaker, cobbler,”a regional and informal usage.The word is recorded around 1796in a slang usage particular to Cambridge University, "a townsman as opposed to a gownsman.”Both senses may have fed into the sense first found in 1831, "a member of the ordinary or lower classes.”Along with this sense went another (1838), "a person without proper breeding or taste.”From these two senses arose the sense first recorded in 1848, "a person who looks up to his or her social betters and tries to copy or associate with them.”We can see how this sense could blend into the other familiar sense,"one who looks down on those considered inferior" (1911).势利小人们都瞧不起不如他们的人，但有一段时间，势利小人只是羡慕地位比他们高的人。Snob 这个词最远的起源还不清楚， 它第一次出现于1781年，意为“鞋匠，补鞋人”，这只是一种方言和非正式用法。1796年左右的记录显示，这个词有一个专用于剑桥大学的俚语意思，“与贵族相对应的普通市民”。这两个意思都进入了它第一次出现于1831年的“普通或低下阶层中的一员”这个意思。这个意思与另一个意思平行(1838年）：“没有良好教养和品味的人”。从这两个意思发展来了“羡慕地位高于他（她）的人并尽量与之进行联系的人”这个意思，第一次记录于1848年。然后，我们就能发现怎样又从这个意思中派生出了其它我们熟悉的意思，即“瞧不起被认为地位比自己低者的人”(1911年）〔burgess〕A freeman or citizen of an English borough.市民，自由民：英国自治城市的自由民或公民 |
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