| 单词 | 作家 |
| 释义 | 〔Covarrubias〕Mexican artist and author who is best known for his book and magazine illustrations. His works includeThe Prince of Wales and other Famous Americans (1925) and Island of Bali (1937). 考瓦路比亚，米高尔：(1904-1957) 墨西哥艺术家、作家，因其书和杂志插图最为著名。作品包括《威尔士王子和其他美国名人》 （1925年） 《巴厘岛》 （1937年） 〔Lovecraft〕American writer of fantasy and horror tales. His works were collected inThe Outsider and Others (1939), Beyond the Wall of Sleep (1943), and Marginalia (1944). 拉夫克哈夫，霍（华德）·菲（利普斯）：(1890-1937) 美国科幻和恐怖小说作家。他的作品收集在《从外人和其他人》 （1939年）， 《在睡墙之外》 （1943年），和 《次要的东西》 （1944年） 〔notary〕from Latin notārius [relating to shorthand, shorthand writer] 源自 拉丁语 notārius [与速记有关的，速记作家] 〔Hoyle〕After Edmond Hoyle (1672?-1769), British writer on games 源自爱德蒙 霍伊尔 (1672?-1769年），英国游戏作家 〔Llewellyn〕Welsh-born British writer noted for his novelHow Green Was My Valley (1940), a portrait of life in a Welsh mining village. 卢埃林，理查德：(1906-1983) 威尔士裔的英国作家，因其描写了威尔士采矿村生活的小说《翡翠谷》 （1940年）而闻名 〔wordsmith〕A fluent and prolific writer, especially one who writes professionally.语言艺术家：流利而多产的作家，尤指专业写作的人〔affect〕The adverse criticism the book received didn't affect the author one way or another.对这本书的敌对性评论丝毫没有影响该作家。〔Kollontai〕Russian revolutionary and writer who joined the Social-Democratic Worker's Party (1898) despite her privileged social position. After the October Revolution (1917) she advocated sweeping reforms in traditional customs and institutions.柯伦泰，亚历山大·米哈伊洛维纳：(1872-1952) 俄国革命者和作家，她不顾享有有特权的社会地位，而加入了社会民主工人党（1898年）。十月革命以后（1917年），她主张对传统的习惯和制度进行彻底的变革〔Bellow〕Canadian-born American writer whose novels, includingThe Dangling Man (1944) and Humboldt's Gift (1975), often concern an alienated individual within an indifferent society. He won the 1976 Nobel Prize for literature. 贝娄，扫罗：(生于 1915) 加拿大裔美籍作家，其小说有《摇摆不定的人》 （1944年）和 《洪堡的礼物》 （1975年），通常以在冷漠的社会中被疏远的人物展开论题。于1976年获诺贝尔文学奖 〔Dahl〕British fiction and screenplay writer best known for his children's books, includingJames and the Giant Peach (1961) and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1964). 达尔，罗尔德：英国的小说作家及电影剧本作家，以儿童读物最为著名，包括《詹姆斯和巨桃》 （1961年）以及 《查理与巧克力工厂》 (1964年) 〔like〕Writers since Chaucer's time have usedlike as a conjunction, but 19th-century and 20th-century critics have been so vehement in their condemnations of this usage that a writer who uses the construction in formal style risks being accused of illiteracy or worse.Prudence requiresThe dogs howled as (not like ) we expected them to. Likeis more acceptably used as a conjunction in informal style with verbs such as feel, look, seem, sound, and taste, as inIt looks like we are in for a rough winter. But here tooas if is to be preferred in formal writing. There can be no objection to the use oflike as a conjunction when the following verb is not expressed, as inHe took to politics like a duck to water. See Usage Note at as 1together 自乔叟年代起，作家就把like 当作连接词用， 但19世纪和20世纪的批评家强烈谴责这种用法，在正式文体中使用这种结构的作家就有可能被指责为文盲或者更糟。为谨慎起见，就写狗不象 （而不是 like ） 我们想的那样叫。 Like在非正式文体中可作为连词和动词如 feel, look, seem, sound 及 taste 连用， 如在看起来我们将有一个难熬的冬天 中。 但这句如果出现于正式文体中人们更倾向于用as if 。 如果其后的动词无明确含义时，将like 作为连接词是不会有任何异议的， 如他对政治简直是如鱼得水 参见 as1together〔Greene〕English writer noted for his plays, such asFriar Bacon and Friar Bungay (c. 1589). 格林，罗伯特：(1558?-1592) 英国作家，以其剧作如《弗里亚·培根和弗里亚·邦奇》 （1589年）而闻名 〔literature〕The art or occupation of a literary writer.文学；作家：一个文学作者的艺术或职业〔ironist〕A notable user of irony, especially a writer.反语者：明显使用反语的人，特别指作家〔Cooper〕British-born American chemist and pamphleteer. A strong advocate of states' rights, he favored nullification and was an early supporter of the doctrine of secession.库珀，托马斯：(1759-1839) 英国裔的美国化学家和小册子作家。他是各州权力的坚决拥护者，主张拒绝执行联邦政府的法令，是脱离联邦主义的早期支持者〔Mitford〕British writer whose magazine articles on country life were collected inOur Village (five volumes, 1824-1832). 米特福特，玛丽·罗素：(1787-1855) 英国作家，她有关乡村生活的杂志文章收在《我们的村庄》 （五卷，1824-1832年）中 〔pastness〕"the one wave of recaptured pastness with which many a gifted writer makes his debut"(John Simon)“许多有天赋的作家写处女作时由回忆唤起的一阵亢奋的情绪”(约翰·西蒙)〔Engels〕German socialist theorist and writer who met Karl Marx in Paris in 1844 and collaborated with him onThe Communist Manifesto (1848). 恩格斯，弗雷德里希：(1820-1895) 德国社会主义理论家及作家，1844年他在巴黎与卡尔·马克思相逢并从此与其开始合作《共产党宣言》 （1848年） 〔Paine〕British-born American writer and Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphletCommon Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man (1791-1792), a defense of the French Revolution. 佩因，托马斯：(1737-1809) 美国裔的英国作家和革命领导人，他写了小册子《常识》 （1776年），为美国从英国手中争得独立而辩论。在英国他出版了 《人的权利》 （1791-1792年），对法国革命的捍卫 〔Christie〕British writer of more than 70 detective novels, includingThe Murder of Roger Ackroyd (1926), And Then There Were None (1940), and The Pale Horse (1961). 克莉斯蒂，阿加塔·玛丽·克拉日萨：(1890-1976) 英国作家，写了70多部侦探小说，包括《罗杰·阿克洛埃谋杀案》 （1926年）， 《然后便一无所有》 （1940年），和 《白马》 （1961年） 〔Wiesel〕Romanian-born writer and lecturer. A survivor of Nazi concentration camps, he is dedicated to preserving the memory of the Holocaust. He won the 1986 Nobel Peace Prize.韦瑟尔，伊利：罗马尼亚裔作家和演讲者。作为纳粹集中营的幸存者，他致力于令后人铭记当年的大屠杀。他获得1986年诺贝尔和平奖〔whiskey〕Eitherwhiskey or, less frequently, whisky can be used to refer to spirits distilled in the United States. Some writers prefer to reservewhisky for spirits distilled in Great Britain, but there is no widespread agreement on this point.无论是whiskey ，还是略为少见的 whisky 被用来指在美国提炼生产烈性酒。 有一些作家更倾向于将whisky 留作指在英国提炼生产的烈性酒， 不过就这一点并未形成普遍广泛一致意见〔Borges〕Argentinian writer particularly known for his short stories, which have a metaphysical, fantastic quality.博格斯，若热·路易斯：(1899-1986) 阿根廷作家，以其深奥和富于想象力的短篇小说而尤为著名〔Mahfouz〕Egyptian writer whose works include the novelsAutumn Quail (1962) and The Beggar (1965). He won the 1988 Nobel Prize for literature. 马福兹，纳吉布：(生于 1911) 埃及作家，其作品包括小说《秋日的鹌鹑》 （1962年）和 《乞丐》 （1965年）。他曾获1988年诺贝尔文学奖 〔Canetti〕Bulgarian-born writer whose works, all written in German, include a novel,The Tower of Babel (1935), and Crowds and Power (1960), a study of mass psychology. He won the 1981 Nobel Prize for literature. 卡内提，伊莱亚斯：(生于 1905) 保加利亚裔作家，其作品全部用德文写成，包括小说《巴别塔》 （1935年）和一本关于大众心理学研究的专著 《群众和权力》 （1960年）。他于1981年获诺贝尔文学奖 〔come〕The author's new book just came out.作家的新书刚出版〔Burke〕Irish-born British politician and writer. Famous for his oratory, he pleaded the cause of the American colonists in Parliament and was instrumental in developing the notions of party responsibility and a loyal opposition within the parliamentary system. His major work,Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), voices his opposition to the excesses of the French experience. 伯克，埃德蒙：(1729-1797) 爱尔兰裔的英国政治家和作家。以其演讲而著名，他为国会中的美国殖民者辩护，并且发展了政党责任这一名词的解释，并在国会中与皇室对立。主要作品《关于法国革命的感想》 （1790年），表达了他对法国经历的暴行的反对立场 〔Heyse〕German writer noted for his novellas, includingThe Fury (1855), and novels, such as Children of the World (1873). He won the 1910 Nobel Prize for literature. 海泽，保罗·约翰·路德维希·冯：(1830-1914) 德国作家，以其中篇小说包括《狂暴》 （1855年）和长篇小说，例如 《世界的孩子们》 （1873年）著称于世，获1910年诺贝尔文学奖 〔constellation〕The symposium was attended by a constellation of artists and writers.一群才华横溢的艺术家和作家参加了讨论会〔Kafka〕Austrian writer whose stories, such as "The Metamorphosis" (1916), and novels, includingThe Trial (1925) and The Castle (1926), concern troubled individuals in a nightmarishly impersonal world. 卡夫卡，弗朗兹：(1883-1924) 奥地利作家，其短篇小说，如《变形记》（1916年），和长篇小说，包括《判决》 （1925年）和 《城堡》 （1926年），都涉及到荒诞离奇的异化世界里忧心忡忡的个人 〔Hoffmann〕German writer, philologist, and literary historian noted for his patriotic verse, including "Deutschland, Deutschland über Alles" (1841).霍夫曼，奥古斯特·亨利希：(1798-1874) 德国作家、文学家及文史学家，因写爱国诗歌而闻名，包括“德国，高于一切的德国”(1841年）〔Auerbach〕German writer who was strongly influenced by Spinoza and is primarily known for his stories about rural life.奥尔·巴赫，贝托尔德：(1812-1882) 德国作家，受斯宾诺莎强烈影响，主要以田园生活的小说著名〔healthy〕The distinction in meaning betweenhealthy ("possessing good health") and healthful ("conducive to good health") was ascribed to the two terms only as late as the 1880's. This distinction, though tenaciously supported by some critics,is belied by citational evidence—evidence clearly indicating thathealthy and healthful have shared the meaning "conducive to good health" since at least the mid-16th century, or for more than 400 years. Use ofhealthy in this sense is to be found in the works of a broad group of distinguished speakers and writers of English, with this example being typical: Healthy （“拥有良好的健康状况”）和 healthful （“有益于健康的”）在意思上的区别直到19世纪80年代才被确定。 虽然有些专家固执地支持这种区别，但它与引文中得出的证据不符——这些证据清楚地表明至少从16世纪中叶或者说四百多年来，healthy 和 healthful 都有“有益于健康的”这一意义。 Healthy 这一意义从一大群杰出的演讲者和作家的作品中可以找到，在这个意义上的用法以这个例子最具代表性： 〔Peacock〕British writer noted for his satirical novels, includingHeadlong Hall (1816) and Nightmare Abbey (1818). 皮科克，托马斯·洛：(1785-1866) 英国作家，以他的讽刺小说著名，包括《蒙混过关》 （1816年）和 《恶梦隐修院》 （1818年） 〔superman〕Overman and Beyondman hardly seem likely names for a superhero, but perhapsOverman might be "leaping tall buildings at a single bound" had the German word Übermensch been translated differently than it was. However, Nietzsche's term for the ideal superior man was translated into English assuperman, first recorded in a work by George Bernard Shaw published in 1903. Such a term comes to us through a process called loan translation, or calque formation,whereby the semantic components of a word or phrase in one language are literally translated into their equivalents in another language,GermanÜbermensch, made up of über, "super-,” and Mensch, "man,” thus becoming superman. Becauseüber- can also be translated "beyond" and "over,” we also findoverman and beyondman as calques for the word Übermensch, but they did not take root.Shaw, in a letter written before 1917, noted that"some of our most felicitous writers . . . had been using such desperate and unspeakable forms as Beyondman, when the glib Superman was staring them in the face all the time.”Hence, when it came to naming a new comic strip hero,Superman was the logical choice, a name first recorded in 1938. Overman 和 Beyondman 看上去几乎不象超级英雄的名称， 但是，如果将德语中 Übermensch 这个单词译作不同于原有的译法时，那么，也许 Overman 可能是“纵身一跃就能跃过高楼大厦”。 然而，尼采给予理想超人的名称译成英语为Superman ， 这个词最早见于乔治·萧伯纳的出版于1903年的一部作品中。这个词是通过借译而来的，或者说是通过仿造而来的，在以上这样的过程中，一个词或词组的语义成分被直译成另一语言中的与之相对应的成分。德语单词 Übermensch 是由 uber （即英语中"super-”之意）和 Mensch （即英语中"man"之意）组成的，这样的话，此词在英语中就成了 Superman 。 因为 über 也可译为"beyond"和"over"， 所以我们发现 躡ermensch 也被借译为 overman 和 beyondman 。 但是，这两个词并没有在英语中确立下来。萧伯纳在写于1917年之前的一封信中说道：“一些措辞最巧妙的英语作家，竟一直使用象Beyondman这种令人绝望而又无法形容的词，却对一直面对面盯着他们的‘Superman’视而不见”。这样，当要命名一个新的连环漫画中的英雄时，Superman 一词就成了理所当然的选择，这个名称首次记录于1938年 〔Kundera〕Czech-born writer best known for his novels, includingThe Joke (1967), The Book of Laughter and Forgetting (1979), and The Unbearable Lightness of Being (1984), all of which exhibit his extreme, though often comical, skepticism. 昆德拉，米兰：捷克裔作家，以其小说闻名，包括《玩笑》 （1967年）、 《笑忘录》 （1979年）和 《生命中不能承受之轻》 （1984年），这些作品体现出常带有喜剧色彩的极端怀疑论 〔Wollstonecraft〕British writer and reformer noted forVindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), considered the first important feminist essay. 沃斯通克拉夫特，玛丽：(1759-1797) 英国作家和改革家，以《女权辩护》 （1792年）而著名，该文被认为是第一篇重要的女权文章 〔Shute〕British writer whose novels includeA Town Like Alice (1950) and On the Beach (1957), both set in Australia. 舒特，内维尔：(1899-1960) 英国作家，其作品有《象艾丽斯一样的城市》 （1950年）及 《在沙滩上》 （1957年）均以澳大利亚为背景 〔kick〕kicked off the promotional tour with a press conference for the author.以记者招待会揭开了这位作家的书籍促销活动的序幕〔Peabody〕American educator and writer who founded the first kindergarten in the United States (1860).皮博迪，伊丽莎白·帕尔默：(1804-1894) 美国教育家和作家，1860年在美国创办了第一家幼儿园 |
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