| 单词 | 各州 |
| 释义 | 〔marginal〕states marginal to Canada.和加拿大相邻的各州〔Douglas〕American politician who served as U.S. representative (1843-1847) and senator (1847-1861) from Illinois. He proposed legislation that allowed individual territories to determine whether they would allow slavery (1854) and in the senatorial campaign of 1858 engaged Abraham Lincoln in a famous series of debates.道格拉斯，斯蒂芬·阿诺德：(1813-1861) 美国政治家，曾任过来自伊利诺斯州的美国众议员(1843-1847年）和参议员(1847-1861年）。曾主张立法准许各州自主决定是否实行奴隶制(1854年），在1858年的上院论战中与亚伯拉罕·林肯进行了一系列著名的辩论〔statehood〕The status of being a state, especially of the United States, rather than being a territory or dependency.州的地位：作为州存在不是以地区或依附体的地位存在的状态，尤指美国各州〔Australia〕A commonwealth comprising the continent of Australia, the island state of Tasmania, two external territories, and several dependencies. The first British settlement, a penal colony at Fort Jackson (now part of Sydney), was established in 1788. The present-day states grew as separate colonies; six of them formed a federation in 1901. In 1911 Northern Territory joined the commonwealth and the Capital Territory, site of Canberra, was created. Canberra is the capital and Sydney is the largest city. Population, 15,544,500.澳大利亚：联邦制国家，由澳洲大陆塔斯马尼亚州岛，两块外部疆域及几个附属岛屿组成。英国于1788年在杰克逊堡（现悉尼一部分）建立第一块流放殖民者居住地。现今的各州已成为独立的殖民地；其中六州于1901年组建联邦。1911年北部地区加入联邦，作为首都地区的堪培拉这时也形成了。堪培拉为首都，悉尼为最大城市。人口15,544,500〔Jackson〕The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.杰克逊，安德鲁：(1767-1845) 美国第七任总统(1829-1837年），是1812年的战争中美军的将军，于1815年在新奥尔良打败英军。任总统期间他反对美洲银行，反对各州拥有把相抵触的联邦法律废除的权力，增大了总统的集权〔juke〕Gullah, the English-based Creole language spoken by Black people off the coast of Georgia and South Carolina,retains a number of words from the West African languages brought over by slaves.One such word isjuke, "bad, wicked, disorderly,”the probable source of the English wordjuke. Used chiefly in the Southeastern states,juke (also appearing in the compound juke joint ) means a roadside drinking establishment that offers cheap drinks, food, and music for dancingand often doubles as a brothel."To juke" is to dance,particularly at a juke joint or to the music of a jukebox whose name, no longer regional and having lost the connotation of sleaziness, contains the same word.格勒语是沿美国乔治亚洲和南卡罗来纳州海岸的黑人说的以英语为基础的克里奥耳语。该语言仍保留着一些由奴隶带过来的西非各种语言中的单词。其中之一就是juke ， 意为“坏的，邪恶的，杂乱无序的”，这可能就是英语单词juke 的词源。 主要在东南部各州使用的juke （也出现在复合词 juke joint 中）， 意为公路旁边供应廉价饮料、食物和跳舞的音乐，以及经常兼作妓院的小酒馆。"To juke"意为跳舞，尤其是在廉价小酒店里跳或伴着自动唱机里的音乐跳。这种投币或自动唱机的名称不再具地方性，也失去了低级庸俗的涵义〔apportionment〕The proportional distribution of the number of members of the U.S. House of Representatives on the basis of the population of each state.议员名额的分配：根据各州人口而进行的美国众议院议员名额的按比例分配〔federal〕Of, relating to, or being a form of government in which a union of states recognizes the sovereignty of a central authority while retaining certain residual powers of government.联邦的：一种政府组织形式的，在这种形式中联合各州确认一个至高无上的中央权力，同时保持一定的政府残留权力〔carry〕Roosevelt carried all but two states in the 1936 presidential election.在1936年总统选举中罗斯福在除两个州以外的其他各州中都获得多数选票〔south〕South The southern part of the United States, especially the states that fought for the Confederacy in the Civil War. South 美国南方地区：美国的南方地区，尤指美国内战时为南部邦联作战的各州〔governor〕The American Revolution did away with much that was British,but it neglected to discard an important British political term.The wordgovernor certainly seems to denote a very American office, and England has no corresponding official with that title for its counties.Nonetheless,governor has had a long history in English with reference to political rulers. In Middle Englishgovernour, the ancestor of governor, meant both "a sovereign ruler" and "a subordinate or substitute ruler.”In the later sense it was a natural term to use for heads of the British colonies in North America as well as elsewhere.During our colonial periodroyal governors were often unpopular,yet the word was not dropped after the Revolutionary Warand in fact was chosen to designate the executive head of a state when the United States of America was created.美国独立战争扫除了英国的许多东西，但却忽略了摒弃一个重要的英国政治术语。governor 这个单词肯定被看作是一个美国官方职务， 因为英国没有这样的官方职务。然而governor 作政权统治者含义在英国有很长的历史。 在中世纪的英语里，governour 是 governor 的前身， 意思是“主权统治者”和“下一级统治者或代理统治者。”用后一个意思来指英国在北美的殖民地或其他地方的首脑是很贴切的。在美国殖民地时期，皇家总督不大为人所知，然而这个词在独立战争以后并没被废除，实际上它被用来指美国建国以后各州的州长了〔Toombs〕American politician. A U.S. representative (1845-1853) and senator (1853-1861) from Georgia, he was an outspoken supporter of the states' right to permit slavery. He served as Confederate secretary of state (1861).图姆斯，罗伯特·奥古斯都：(1810-1885) 美国政治家。他是来自乔治亚州的众议员(1845-1853年）和参议员(1853-1861年），明确支持各州拥有保留奴隶制的权利。1861年担任联邦州务秘书〔anymore〕In standard American English the wordanymore is often found in negative sentences: They don't live here anymore. Butanymore is widely used in regional American English in positive sentences with the meaning "nowadays": "We use a gas stove anymore" (Oklahoma informant in DARE).Its use, which appears to be spreading,is centered in the South Midland and Midwestern states—Tennessee, Kentucky, Indiana, Oklahoma, and Iowa—and the Western statesthat received settlers from those areas.The earliest recorded examples are from Northern Ireland,where the positive use ofanymore still occurs. 在标准美国英语里anymore 一词常出现于否定句里： 他们再也不在这儿住了。 但anymore 在地方美国英语里广泛用于肯定句中，意思是“如今”： “我们现如今使用煤气炉” （美国区域英语词典的俄克拉何马州情报提供者）。它的用法似乎还正扩展，主要集中于中南部和中西部各州--田纳西州，肯塔基州，印第安纳州，俄克拉何马州和依阿华州——以及接收了这些地区移民的西部各州。最早记载的例子来自北爱尔兰，在那里anymore 一词的肯定用法仍在使用 〔apportionment〕Allotment of direct taxes on the basis of state population.税额分配：根据各州人口而作的直接税收的分配〔Dixie〕A region of the southern and eastern United States, usually comprising the states that joined the Confederacy during the Civil War. The term was popularized in the minstrel song "Dixie's Land,” written by Daniel D. Emmett (1815-1904) in 1859.迪克西：美国南部和东部的地区，通常包括那些内战中组成南部邦联的各州。该称呼由滑稽说唱的歌曲“迪克西的土地”而普及，该歌是由丹尼尔·D·艾默特（1815—1904年）于1859年写成的〔Carroll〕American political pamphleteer and adviser who wrote prolifically for anti-Catholic and pro-Union causes. In 1862 she published a pamphlet that outlined what was to become President Abraham Lincoln's constitutional theory concerning the rebellious states.卡洛尔，安娜·埃拉：(1815-1893) 美国政治小册子作者及顾问，为反对天主教和拥护联邦的事业而撰写了大量著作。她于1862年发表了一本小册子，描画了日后成为亚伯拉罕·林肯总统论述叛乱各州的宪法理论的大致轮廓〔nullifier〕One who believes in nullification as a means by which U.S. states may resist federal laws.主张美国各州可以拒绝联邦法律者：相信把州对国会法令的拒绝执行作为美国各州拒抗联邦法律的方法的人〔east〕The region of the United States east of the Allegheny Mountains and north of the Mason-Dixon Line.美国东部各州：美国阿勒格尼山的东面及梅森-狄克森南北分界线以北的地域〔loblolly〕Loblolly is a combination of lob, probably an onomatopoeia for the thick, heavy bubbling of cooking porridge, and lolly, an old British dialect word for "broth, soup, or any other food boiled in a pot.” Thus, loblolly originally denoted thick porridge or gruel, especially that eaten by sailors on board ship. In the southern United States, the word is used to mean "a mudhole; a mire,” a sense derived from an allusion to the consistency of porridge. The name loblolly has become associated with several varieties of trees as well, all of which favor wet bottomlands or swamps in the Gulf and South Atlantic states. Lobolly 是 lob ，可能是模仿熬粥时沉重的冒泡声，和意为“锅里煮着的清汤、浓汤或其他任何食物”的古英语方言 lolly 的结合。这样， loblolly 本来表示稠粥或稀粥，尤指船上水手们所喝的粥。在美国南部，这个词用于表示“泥坑；泥沼”，这个含义是以粥的浓稠性这一暗示而来。 loblolly 这一名称也与几种树木有关，这些树都适于生长在墨西哥湾及南大西洋各州的潮湿洼地或沼泽里 〔parking〕Parking is an Upper Midwestern term for the grass strip, often planted with shade trees, between a sidewalk and a street. The presence of this word also in Western statesattests to the close linguistic connection, owing to settlement patterns, between the Upper Midwest and the West.Parking 是后中西部使用的词中指位于人行道和街道之间且常栽有林荫树木的草坪的词。 这个词在西部各州的出现，表明由于社区规格的缘故在后中西部和西部之间存在着紧密的语言上的联系〔chaw〕The use ofchaw for chew , in both the verb and the noun, is remarkably wide in its U.S. distribution,occurring in pronunciations from New England south to the Gulf States,throughout the Midwest,and westward to Colorado and California.Chaw has a wide range of senses in regional expressions. One meaning of the verb is "to bawl someone out": He chawed her good. A Southern sense is "to get the best of someone in a bantering contest" or simply "to embarrass": "That compliment sort of chawed me" (Publication of the American Dialect Society).The nounchaw can mean "a twist of chewing tobacco" or "an attachment or hold (on someone)”; for example, a flirtatious girl in South Midland states is "tryin' to git a chaw on a feller" (Dialect Notes).In areas where Irish immigrants were seeking work at the turn of the century,chaw was a derogatory term for an Irishman. 在名词以及动词形式上以chaw 代替 chew 的用法， 在美国分得尤为普遍，就发音上来说出现在从新英格兰南到海湾各州，整个中西部地区，以及往西直到科罗拉多和加利福尼亚。Chaw 在地区用法上意义范围很广。 动词的一个意义是“痛骂，大声训斥”： 他把她狠狠了骂了一顿。 在南部它指“在互相取笑中占了某人的上风”或者简单地指“使难堪”： “那句称赞让我有些难堪” （美国方言协会出版物）。Chaw 用作名词可以指“一撮咀嚼的烟草”或者“（对某人的）爱慕或占有”； 例如，一个中南部的卖弄风情的女人 “设法让一个小伙子迷上她” （方言笔记）。在本世纪初爱尔兰移民们寻找工作的地区，chaw 是对爱尔兰人的贬称 〔Creole〕A person descended from or culturally related to the Spanish and Portuguese settlers of the Gulf States.土生西班牙人，土生葡萄牙人：海湾各州的西班牙和葡萄牙殖民者的后裔或与其有文化联系的人〔Cooper〕British-born American chemist and pamphleteer. A strong advocate of states' rights, he favored nullification and was an early supporter of the doctrine of secession.库珀，托马斯：(1759-1839) 英国裔的美国化学家和小册子作家。他是各州权力的坚决拥护者，主张拒绝执行联邦政府的法令，是脱离联邦主义的早期支持者〔intervale〕Intervale is among the distinctive New England terms mapped by Hans Kurath in the Linguistic Atlas of New England in the 1940's. However, by the time the Dictionary of American Regional English surveyed the New England states 20 years later, says Craig M. Carver, author of American Regional Dialects, only three of the dozens of New England informants used the word intervale to indicate a "tract of low-lying land, especially along a river.” The word was common in New England at one time because so many settlements were made along the rivers, where the land was more fertile and the towns were accessible by water. Intervale 在汉斯·科拉斯于20世纪40年代绘制的 新英格兰语言地图 中属于有特色的英格兰名词。然而20年后 美国地区英语字典 调查新英格兰各州时，克雷格·M·卡弗， 美国地区方言 的作者，认为几十个英格兰地区讲本地话的人中只有三个使用 intervale 表示“大片地势低的土地，尤指沿河的滩地”。这个词在新英格兰很普通是因为许多人沿河定居，以及沿河的地区土地较为肥沃且通过水路也易于到达城镇 〔stateside〕Especially since World War II,the adverbstateside has commonly been used by Americans traveling abroad to mean "to, toward, or in the United States.” During the postwar period the term gained currency among Alaskans,familiar with the feeling of being far removed from the rest of the continental United States.They adoptedstateside into their vocabularies as a way of referring to their fellow Americans to the south.Russell Tabbert of the University of Alaska observesthatstateside "has some currency primarily as a noun modifier, but also as an adverbial,” as in this instance: "Most of the owners live in Anchorage; some 14 1045384764ve stateside" (Alaska Magazine).It may or may not be capitalized.Stateside, the lower states, the South, and ( the ) Outside are all used in Alaska to denote "the 48 contiguous states.” All these terms, however, are losing out tothe Lower 48, which, as Tabbert points out,is always spelled in Alaska with a capital L and with Arabic numerals.尤其从二战以来，副词stateside 已普遍被旅行在外的美国人用于指“到、去或在美国”。 战后时期这一词语在阿拉斯加人中广为使用，他们对远离美国大陆其它各州的感觉再熟悉不过了。他们将stateside 纳入他们的词汇， 用作指南边的美国同胞。阿拉斯加大学的鲁赛尔·塔贝特发现，stateside “主要用作名词修饰语，但也用作副词”， 如下例： “大部分所有者住在隐居之处；大约占14的人们住在美国大陆” （《阿拉斯加杂志》）。它可以大写也可以不大写。Stateside，the lower states，the South 和( the ) Outside 在阿拉斯加都被用于指"48个美国本土的州”。 但是所有这些说法都没有the lower 48 使用普遍， 塔贝特指出，这个用法在阿拉斯加州总是被拼写成带大写L和阿拉伯数字的形式 |
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